Data enhancements

More often the data-enhancement step is done later, to simplify the data processing and to lower the computational burden placed on the instrumental computer. When data are enhanced either at-line or off-line, after data acquisition is complete, the process is called smoothing. Smoothing methods are much more varied than ones used exclusively for filtering because the time and computational constraints are not as demanding. It should be noted, however, that most filtering methods can also be used for smoothing. 

The goal of data enhancement is the extraction of the true signal s(l), given the measured sequence r(t). A simple measure of the success of this effort is the increase in the signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, where... 

If it happens that sit), the true form of the signal, is known prior to data enhancement, the process of noise reduction is simplified greatly. In this case, a known signal is sought from within noise. This is a problem in signal estimation. The observed quantity r can be taken as a multiple of the known signal plus noise, so that... 

Based on field and laboratory data, enhanced biodegradation of carbamothioate herbicides was confirmed under South Carolina conditions. A good correlation was observed between enhanced biodegradation and performance failure. Laboratory analyses of "problem" soils could be used to predict potential problems or weak efficacy under field situations. However, lack of soil... 

The data enhancement techniques discussed in this section are illustrated in the context of electrochemical measurements because they are employed as part of our FT-FAM data processing. However, it should be obvious that the techniques are applicable to a wide range of data types obtained with computerized instrumentation (spectroscopic, chromatographic, titrations, etc.). 

MRI has become a mainstay in the arsenal t)f medical diagnostic tools. The application of MRI in the food industry and in other areas of science and commerce has been hampered by the high cost of MRI installations. However, as the sophistication and ease of application of data-enhancement procedures, exotic pulse sequences, and data-acquisition protocols continue to evolve, especially for nuclei other than H. MRI will doubtless become an indispensable tttol for the noninvasive investiaation of materials... 

Figure 9.5 Poorly scattered data enhanced with test run results...

As a result of its continuous development, LA-ICP-MS provides ever more precise elemental and isotopic data. Enhancements in elemental sensitivity achieved for ICP-MS, together with a better understanding of the mechanism of the LA process, have led to successive improvements in the precision of isotope ratio measurements [17-19]. LA utilizing UV light - with a frequency-quadrupled (266 nm) or -quintupled (213 nm) Nd YAG laser or an ArF excimer laser (193 nm) - offers reduced elemental fractionation during ablation and better spatial resolution with a small ablation pit size, and is now the most widely used system for LA-ICP-MS [11, 18, 20-22]. Even with UV lasers, the precision of isotope ratio measurements achieved by LA-ICP-MS is commonly inferior to that obtained by conventional solution nebulization ICP-MS. MC-ICP-MS combined with conventional solution nebulization can achieve a precision of 0.005% or... 

Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterised by a disorganised electrical activity in the atrium, which leads to an inefficient atrial contraction. This scenario is well known to increase the risk of stroke by 25% in women aged over 65 years. The primary end point of the WHI randomised, placebo-controlled hormone trials was CFID. The effort to link WHI participants to their Medicare claims records has allowed the identification of 581 additional AF cases that had not been previously identified. This new piece of data enhances the power to study novel outcomes. Once participants who suffered from AF at baseline were excluded, in the oestrogen plus progestagen trial there... 

Aga, M. and A. Okada (2003). Analysis of vehicle stability conhol (VSC) s effectiveness from accident data. Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference, Paper 541, Nagoya, Japan. 

Multivariate techniques have two main applications in the evaluation of chromatographic data enhancement of resolution... 

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