Effective Data Presentation

A scatterplot is a graph containing a cluster of dots that represents all pairs of observations (Witte and vifitte 1997,132). Each point on a scatterplot represents one case. And the case appears on the plot in relation to its measure on two scales. Both scales on a scatterplot represent variables. The variables used on a scatterplot are continuous in nature, with the independent variable along the horizontal axis (x) and the dependent variable along the vertical (y) axis. 

As presented in Chapter 5, scatterplots can be useful in graphically presenting the relationships between the variables plotted. The shape of the plotted data points can show the strength and type of the relationship. When constructing a scatterplot, the divisions along the x and y axes should be uniform and labeled. The plot itself should 

Equal units along the horizontal axis (the X axis, or abscissa) reflect the various class intervals of the frequency distribution. 

Equal units along the vertical axis (the Y axis, or ordinate) reflect increases in frequency. (The units along the vertical axis do not have to be the same size as those along the horizontal axis.) 

The intersection of the two axes defines the origin at which both weight and frequency equal 0. 

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The Genetic and Related Effects data presented in the Monographs are also available in the form of Graphic Activity Profiles (GAP) prepared in collaboration with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (see also Waters et al., 1987) using software for personal computers that are Microsoft Windows compatible. The EPA/IARC GAP software and database may be downloaded free of charge from WWW. epa. gov/gapdb. 

Given the importance of BMI resins, for a better understanding of different approaches and their effects, data presented herein were structured using the formulation as categorizing criterion. In addition, because the domain is developing at a fast pace, only information from the most recent decade was selected because benchmark references are considered already known. An assessment of current BMI resin applications showed how their features have been used and may effectively direct future research toward expanding this field. 

Vapor pressure is the most important of the basic thermodynamic properties affec ting liquids and vapors. The vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a pure component at equilibrium at any temperature when both liquid and vapor phases exist and thus extends from a minimum at the triple point temperature to a maximum at the critical temperature, the critical pressure. This section briefly reviews methods for both correlating vapor pressure data and for predicting vapor pressure of pure compounds. Except at very high total pressures (above about 10 MPa), there is no effect of total pressure on vapor pressure. If such an effect is present, a correction, the Poynting correction, can be applied. The pressure exerted above a solid-vapor mixture may also be called vapor pressure but is normallv only available as experimental data for common compounds that sublime. 

Plasticization and Other Time Effects Most data from the literature, including those presented above are taken from experiments where one gas at a time is tested, with Ot calculated as a ratio of the two permeabihties. If either gas permeates because of a high-sorption coefficient rather than a high diffusivity, there may be an increase in the permeabihty of all gases in contact with the membrane. Thus, the Ot actually found in a real separation may be much lower than that calculated by the simple ratio of permeabilities. The data in the hterature do not rehably include the plasticization effect. If present, it results in the sometimes slow relaxation of polymer structure giving a rise in permeabihty and a dramatic dechne in selectivity. 

The data presented in Figure 19.7 were obtained on a Sonntag-Universal machine which flexes a beam in tension and compression. Whereas the acetal resin was subjected to stresses at 1800 cycles per minute at 75°F and at 100% RH, the nylons were cycled at only 1200 cycles per minute and had a moisture content of 2.5%. The polyethylene sample was also flexed at 1200 cycles per minute. Whilst the moisture content has not been found to be a significant factor it has been observed that the geometry of the test piece and, in particular, the presence of notches has a profound effect on the fatigue endurance limit. 

The comparison made in Section 6.1 demonstrates the important effect the amount of purge has on the performance of the carbon canister in terms of limiting the amoimt of HC release. This effect is also shown in the data presented in Fig. 21. In this example, the vehicle has been subjected to the same test cycle sequence as before, but in this case two different levels of purging are examined. Also, a two liter canister is used on the vehicle for the testing at both purge levels, in order to see the effect of purge level on a single canister volume. 

The length of the circulation zone (bubble), L, created when the linear jet is supplied at an angle a to the surface was studied experimentally by Bourque and Newman and theoretically by Sawyer.The effect of the angle between the jet axis at the outlet and the surface on the length of the circulation bubble is shown in Fig. 7.32, reproduced from Awbi. The data presented in Fig. 7.32 show that at sufficiently high Reynolds number the length of the circulation zone is independent of the Reynolds number. 

The aim of the tests was to study tank-wall performance. Nevertheless, a few data on BLEVE effects are presented by Schulz-Forberg et al. (1984). An overpressure of 130 mbar was measured at 80 m from the tank position in one of the tests, and was attributed to combustion. Temperatures and pressures at the moment of tank failure were beyond the superheat limit 345-357 K and 24-39 bar, respectively (see propane data in Table 6.1). Fireball development from one test is presented in a series of photographs. The maximum diameter was approximately 50 m, and duration was approximately 4 seconds. Fragmentation data, to the extent published, are given in Section 6.3. 

The composition of the atmosphere to which components at high temperature may be exposed varies very widely, and most work on these aspects has accordingly been carried out in clean air. The aggressiveness of air is considerably enhanced by the presence of trace amounts of other reactive gases such as steam, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide thus the figures subsequently quoted may in fact be appreciably lower than those encountered in specific atmospheres. The data presented should, however, prove an adequate guide to the order of the effect to be expected. 

The effect of the initiation and termination processes on compositional heterogeneity can be seen in data presented in Figure 7.3 and Figure 7.4. The data come from a computer simulation of the synthesis of a hydroxy functional oligomer prepared from S, BA, and HEA with a thiol chain transfer agent. The recipe is similar to those used in some coatings applications. 

It was shown that data presented by other researchers can be carried over to entrance effects. The present results highlight the importance of accounting for com-... 

LSE figures graphically illustrate the data presented in the corresponding LSE tables. Figures help the reader quickly compare health effects according to exposure concentrations for particular exposure periods. 

Effect of substrate concentration on PG inhibitor Polygalacturonase activity was measured, with or without inhibitor, at different concentrations of the substrate in the reaction mixture to understand the mode of inhibition of polygalacturonase by D. maculata stem inhibitor. The data presented in Fig. 1 indicate that the nature of inhibition is mixed-type. The inhibitor affects both Km as well as Vmax of polygalacturonase. 

The data presented in this chapter provide strong evidence, from both neurochemical and neuroanatomical studies, demonstrating that, following in vivo administration of a number of methylenedioxy-substituted amphetamine derivatives, there is widespread and long-lasting degeneration of serotonin neurons in brain, without any major or consistent effects on catecholamine neurons. A detailed examination of the parameters involved in the neurotoxic and neurodegencrative effects of MDMA on brain serotonin neurons indicates that ... 

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