Presentation of Comparative Data

In total, thirteen publications were reviewed six of which deal with starch polymers, four with PHA, two with PLA and one with other biodegradable polymers. The dominance and the size of the studies analysing starch polymers reflect the current economic importance of this type of material among the biodegradable polymers. Appendix 13.1 provides an overview of the reviewed publications. They were all prepared by Swiss or German organisations and several of them are available in German only. 

Regarding the choice of the functional unit, some of the studies only analyse the production and waste management of materials in the form of pellets without referring to a specific application of use while other studies refer to a certain type of end use. The first type of study has the advantage that it provides a first impression about the opportunities of clean production. For example, if the environmental performance is not attractive at the material level, there is a good chance that this will also be true at the product level. On the other hand studies that exclusively analyse the material level have the disadvantage of not taking decisive parameters at the end use level into account, for example  

For these reasons both approaches, the analysis at the material level and the end product level, provide valuable insight. They are therefore both included in this review. 

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At the time of writing, there is a proposal in ISO TC 61 for a standard on Acquisition and presentation of comparable data for thermoplastic elastomer materials along the lines of those already in existence for thermoplastics. The first draft is rather different from documents on the same theme proposed in TC 45 for rubbers generally and it is to be hoped that either the two committees can cooperate on the production of a thermoplastic rubber document or the idea is dropped. 

VISTA presentation of comparative data is easy to interpret both on a small and a large scale, i.e., at different levels of resolution. All VISTA programs and servers use the same type of visualization, making interpretation of alignments easy. Because VISTA tools are being constantly improved and enhanced, new options and capabilities can be found on the website. The VISTA support group (vista lbl.gov) will help users explore these new options and answer questions. 

Chapter 11 contains mechanical and electrical data on hundreds of plastics in tabular form. These data are described in the standard ISO 10350-1 1998, which is titled Plastics—Acquisition and Presentation of Comparable Single-point Data— Part 1 Moulding Materials. This standard ISO 10350 identifies specific test procedures for the acquisition and presentation of comparable data for many basic properties of plastics. The properties included are often in manufacturers technical data sheets. All the data are defined by ISO standards rather than ASTM standards. Part 1 applies to unreinforced and reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting materials. While similar ASTM standard-... 

In Chapters 63 through 67 [1-5], we devised a test for the amount of nonlinearity present in a set of comparative data (e.g., as are created by any of the standard methods of calibration for spectroscopic analysis), and then discovered a flaw in the method. The concept of a measure of nonlinearity that is independent of the units that the X and Y data have is a good one. The flaw is that the nonlinearity measurement depends on the distribution of the data uniformly distributed data will provide one value, Normally distributed data will provide a different value, randomly distributed (i.e., what is commonly found in real data sets) will give still a different value, and so forth, even if the underlying relationship between the pairs of values is the same in all cases. 

For trials involving exposure to heat, liquid chemical, environmental stress cracking and artificial weathering, attention is drawn to ISO 11403 [3], Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data - Environmental influences on properties. 

ISO 11403, Parts 1-3, Plastics - Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data, 1995-2001. 

ISO 18064 2003 Thermoplastic elastomers - Nomenclature and abbreviated terms ISO 23794 2003 Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Abrasion testing - Guidance ISOAVD 10350-3 Plastics - Acquisition and presentation of comparable single-point data -Part 3 Thermoplastic elastomer materials... 

Table IV presents the comparative data on the permeation rates of the three types of membranes with two different porosities for various aqueous organic solutions and for pure water as measured over the duration of the study. The data shown here represent the relative chronological order in which the samples were tested. In the beginning, even though the percent rejection of NaCl is high for PA and CAc (indicating small-size pores), the rates of permeation of pure water are higher for denser membranes than for membranes having lower percent rejection of NaCl. In the case of the PBI membrane, the reverse of this phenomenon is observed.

In this report we describe our quantitative analyses for three major components and for 16 trace elements present from parts per billion (ppb) to parts per million (ppm) in Sasanian silver by thermal neutron activation analysis. The analytical data are discussed element by element. Some of the conclusions which can be drawn from the objects are discussed. Since the amount of comparative data available is too small for generalizations, many of our conclusions and assumptions are subject to change when more data and information become available. 

The results published in 120) should have been analyzed exactly from this viewpoint. The work 120) presents interesting comparative data on the estimation of threshold voltages U, xon, xoff for homopolymers XIII-XVI and for a series of copolymers with varying spacer length... 

The usual way of representing polymer adsorption onto clay surfaces is to plot an isotherm showing the amount of polymer adsorbed in grams per gram of clay as a function of the equilibrium concentration of polymer in units of g cm 3. We have to be careful in comparing our results with standard isotherms because we are measuring the total amount of PEO inside the clay. This absorbed mass is not necessarily adsorbed onto the clay surfaces, but may be located in the interlayer solution. To reflect this difference, we have used the unusual nomenclature absorption isotherm rather than the usual adsorption isotherm in the presentation of the data. 

A difference in the rate constants of only about 30-fold for the free and the coordinated groups is sufficient to utilize successfully the masking action in these cases. There are presently no comparative data on the relative rates of the reaction of the two types of amino groups in complexes such as bis(ornithine)copper(II). 

Decision-makers have sometimes found presentations of comparative risk information a useful aid to the public discourse on risk acceptance. We referred in the last section, for example, to OSHA s use of statistics on the risks of job-related accidents to support decisions on risk reduction goals for workplace carcinogens. The agency noted that lifetime risks of death from injuries suffered in what most people perceive to be safe occupations do not go below about 1 per 1000. Data of these types were helpful in explaining why the agency settled on carcinogen risk levels in this range as sufficiently low to provide a safe work environment. 

Abstract. This study was performed to evaluate the drinking water quality used for drinking purposes by the population of Chisinau. There were present the comparative data of chemical composition of drinking water from aqueducts, the wells from Chisinau and suburbs as well. All quality indices from aqueduct in comparison with the water from rural sectors and town wells correspond to hygienic standards. High mineralization and high concentration of some chemical compounds are common for water from suburb and Chisinau wells. 

These databases are the leading sources of comparable data for present and future technology choices of automotive technology. 

ISO 10,350 2, Plastics—Acquisition and presentation of comparable single-point data Part 2, Long fibre-reinforced plastics. 

The most coherent set of comparative data was developed by the SHRP research on repair methods (Gannon et al., 1993). A series of field rehabilitation projects on US bridges was investigated and the data presented in a series of graphs and polynomial eqnations. In the United Kingdom a web-based model for evaluation of structures, selection of repair options and comparative life-cycle costing. The model is available for use at http //projects.bre.co.uk/rebarcorrosioncost/. This includes a comprehensive set of cost tables for galvanic and impressed current cathodic protection,... 

The best presentation of FAIMS data was vigorously debated in the community. There is a consensus to transition to E units from U prevalent in early work, but not on their merits versus the E/N option. We present the data in terms of Ec and Ec unless F or r is varied or when comparing to DT IMS where E/N units (Td) are historically standard. As FAIMS studies over a range of pressures and temperatures become common, E/N units would become most convenient despite the shortcomings noted above. With respect to curved FAIMS, we report Ec and Ec by Equation... 

In this present work, different blends with combination of MDEA, MEA, DEA with piperazine (activator) were studied and presentation of the data was done. Solvent screening experiments were performed to obtain absorption capacities. The total amine mass fraction in the solution was kept at 30 wt%. 30wt% MEA concentration was used as reference for comparing the experimental results. Also, calorimetric measurement to determine heat of absorption AH (kJ/mol of CO2) have been presented. 

To complement these single-point data with data representing the time- and temperature-dependent behavior of plastics useful in product design, a similar document has been developed which deals with the acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data. It has three parts ISO 11403 -1 which deals with mechanical properties ISO 11403-2, which addresses the thermal and processing properties and ISO 11403-3, which focuses on environmental influences on properties. Similar to ISO 10350-1, the multipoint data standards ISO 11403-1 and -2 also define the types of specimens for testing, how the tests should be conducted, and provide a technically sound fi amework for acquisition of multipoint data. 

Plastics—The Acquisition and Presentation of Comparable Single-Point Data Plastics—Determination of the Burning Behaviour of Specimens Using a 500 W Flame Source Plastics—Differential Scanning Calrimetry (DSC)—Part 2 Determination of Glass Transition Temperature... 

ISO 11403-1 1994, Plastics—The Acquisition and Presentation of Comparable Multipoint Data Part 1. Mechanical Properties. ... 

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