The Presentation of Data

The selenium data are presented in Chapter 111 and Appendix E. Unless otherwise indicated, they refer to standard conditions cf. Section 11.3) and 298.15K (25°C) and are provided with an uncertainty which should correspond to the 95% confidence level (see Appendix C). Thermodynamic parameters (formation data and entropies) that could be evaluated from reaction data with selected TDB auxiliary data in Chapter IV are denoted as selected and presented in Chapter III. When use of non-TDB auxiliary data had to be resorted to in the evaluation, the result is denoted as adopted and presented in Appendix E. The difference in the status between a selected and an adopted value thus depends entirely on the background of the auxiliary data used in the assessment. 

Chapter III contains a table of selected thermodynamic data for individual compounds and complexes of selenium (Table III-l), a table of selected reaction data (Table III-2) for reactions concerning selenium species and a table containing selected thermal functions of the heat capacities of individual species of selenium (Table III-3). The selection of these data is discussed in Chapter V. 

Chapter IV contains, for auxiliary compounds and complexes that do not contain selenium, a table of the thermodynamic data for individual species (Table IV-1) and a table of reaction data (Table IV-2). Most of these values are the CODATA Key Values [89COX/WAG]. The selection of the remaining auxiliary data is discussed in [92GRE/FUG], and other preceding volumes of this series. As just mentioned, Appendix E contains a table. Table E-1, of the adopted thermodynamic data for individual selenium compounds calculated with auxiliary data not contained in Chapter IV. The non-TDB auxiliary data, usually from [82WAG/EVA], are presented in Table E-2 and the evaluations are discussed in Chapter V and Appendix A. 

All the selected data presented in Table lll-l. Table III-2, Table IV-1 and Table IV-2 are internally consistent. This consistency is maintained by the internal consistency verification and recalculation software developed at the NEA Data Bank in conjunction with the NEA-TDB data base system, cf. Section II.6. Therefore, when using 

The thermodynamic data in the selected set refer to a temperature of 298.15 K (25.00°C), but they can be recalculated to other temperatures if the corresponding data (enthalpies, entropies, heat capacities) are available [97PU1/RAR]. For example, the temperature dependence of the standard reaction Gibbs energy as a function of the standard reaction entropy at the reference temperature (7o= 298.15 K), and of the heat capacity function is  

The selected data are presented in Chapter 111. Unless otherwise indicated, they refer to standard conditions cf. Section 11.3) and 298.15K (25°C) and are provided with an uncertainty which should correspond to the 95% confidence level (see Appendix C). 

It is important to note that Table 111-2 and Table lV-2 include only those species for which the primary selected data are reaction data. The formation data derived from them and listed in Table Ill-l are obtained using auxiliary data, and their uncertainties are propagated aecordingly. In order to maintain the uncertainties originally assigned to the selected data in this review, the user is advised to make direct use of the reaction data presented in Table I1I-2 and Table lV-2, rather than taking the derived values in Table III-l and Table IV-1 to calculate the reaction data with Eq.(II.55). The 

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Strain and constant time can give respectively isometric stress-log time curves and isochronous stress-strain curves Figure 9.10). Whilst not providing any new information, such alternative presentations of the data may be preferred for certain purposes. 

As indicated above, the stress-strain presentation of the data in isochronous curves is a format which is very familiar to engineers. Hence in design situations it is quite common to use these curves and obtain a secant modulus (see Section 1.4.1, Fig. 1.6) at an appropriate strain. Strictly speaking this will be different to the creep modulus or the relaxation modulus referred to above since the secant modulus relates to a situation where both stress and strain are changing. In practice the values are quite similar and as will be shown in the following sections, the values will coincide at equivalent values of strain and time. That is, a 2% secant modulus taken from a 1 year isochronous curve will be the same as a 1 year relaxation modulus taken from a 2% isometric curve. 

Chapter 5—CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base Contains tables of generic process equipment reliability data that are structured by the CCPS Taxonomy. The data are extracted from data resources in Chapter 4. The chapter includes a discussion of the selection, treatment, and presentation of the data in the Tables. 

The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows. In Section II the problem of deriving an estimate of an unknown function from empirical data is posed and studied in a theoretical level. Then, following Vapnik s original work (Vapnik, 1982), the problem is formulated in mathematical terms and the sources of the error related to any proposed solution to the estimation problem are identified. Considerations on how to reduce these errors show the inadequacy of the NN solutions and lead in Section III to the formulation of the basic algorithm whose new element is the pointwise presentation of the data and the dynamic evolution of the solution itself. The algorithm is subsequently refined by incorporating the novel idea of structural adaptation guided by the use of the L" error measure. The need... 

Supplemental files (review aids) are any data set needed by the reviewer for additional analysis purposes that cannot be readily extracted from the PDF report or additional information in electronic format that would enhance the reviewer s understanding or facilitate presentation of the data. 

These authors clarify these criteria but the essential operation is that the comprehensive separation takes a one-dimensional data representation and through the use of a second separation mechanism converts this to a two-dimensional presentation of the data, as seen in most of the chapters of this book. 

Of the multitude of ID 13C NMR experiments that can be performed, the two most common experiments are a simple broadband proton-decoupled 13C reference spectrum, and a distortionless enhancement polarization transfer (DEPT) sequence of experiments [29]. The latter, through addition and subtraction of data subsets, allows the presentation of the data as a series of edited experiments containing only methine, methylene and methyl resonances as separate subspectra. Quaternary carbons are excluded in the DEPT experiment and can only be observed in the 13C reference spectrum or by using another editing sequence such as APT [30]. The individual DEPT subspectra for CH, CH2 and CH3 resonances of santonin (4) are presented in Fig. 10.9. 

Ideally, all components of interest (including such entities as common cleaning materials, air, water, heat, materials of construction, additives, catalysts, other utility services, etc.) are listed on both the x and y axes of the grid. The intersections of the cells in the matrix represent the consequences of each mixed pair. Presentation of the data in chart form allows for quick use, especially during a process upset (i.e., emergency) situation. 

A number of computer software packages are available to the analyst to assist in the planning and execution of both method development and validation experiments. The attraction of these systems is that they can automate the validation process from planning the experiment to test execution to the presentation of the data in a final report form. 

In October of 1981, EPA decided to reorganize the guidelines and limit the regulation to a concise presentation of the data requirements and when they are required. Therefore, data requirements for pesticide registration pertaining to all former subparts of the guidelines are now specified In part 158 (40 FR 53192 November 24, 1982) which specifies the kinds of data and... 

Depending on what will happen to the CRFs when they are completed, data managers should also be involved. The clinical data will need to be coded and then entered into a database before being further checked for completeness and correctness. The next step will be the analysis of the data. The manner of presentation of the data in the CRF will avoid some of the mistakes that can occur during data entry, particularly if it is entered manually rather than by electronic transfer. 

For most new active substances, a meeting will be held with the concerned regulatory agencies before submission of the dossier to allow the assessors to comment on the important points to cover in the dossier and to give advice on the presentation of the data. 

The R D lab, then, would benefit more from a LIMS system with high flexibility, the ability to structure large empirical data bases, and the ability to support statistical analyses and graphical presentations of the data. 

Fig. 6.1. Typical process measurement system showing the stages between sensor and presentation of the data to the process operator (DP—differential pressure cell,...

This is the dependence expected for purely electrostatic stabilization of polyelectrolyte layers. Electro-steric interactions involve steric contributions [Eq. (3)] and electrostatic contributions [Eq. (4)]. For high ionic strength as in the interior of the polyelectrolyte shell the measured shear modulus should exhibit a characteristic G (r) e Kr-dependence which is apparent in a semi-logarithmic presentation of the data as in Fig. 13. The measured shear moduli are plotted as a function of the reduced distance r/2Rm which is... 

Fig. 7 Example of blend film sample measured under two different experimental resolution conditions relaxed resolution set-up (green dots) and high resolution set-up (blue open circles). The corresponding resolution limits are marked by vertical lines and the most prominent in-plane length of 110 nm is marked by an arrow, a Conventional small-angle presentation of the data emphasizing on small length scales and b Standard GISAXS presentation of the data with the emphasize on larger lengths. The solid lines are fits based on a model described in the text...

The following check list is recommended to assist authors in the measurement of adsorption isotherms and the presentation of the data in the primary literature. The reporting of results along generally accepted lines would considerably facilitate the compilation of data in the secondary literature and would thus promote interdisciplinary scientific cooperation [6]. 

The meeting is conducted to uncover any major unresolved problems or issues to identify studies the sponsor is relying on as adequate and well controlled in establishing the effectiveness of the drug to help the reviewers to become acquainted with the general information to be submitted and to discuss the presentation of the data in the NDA to facilitate its review. Once the NDA is filed, a meeting may also occur 90 days after the initial submission of the application to discuss issues that are uncovered in the initial review. 

The usual way of representing polymer adsorption onto clay surfaces is to plot an isotherm showing the amount of polymer adsorbed in grams per gram of clay as a function of the equilibrium concentration of polymer in units of g cm 3. We have to be careful in comparing our results with standard isotherms because we are measuring the total amount of PEO inside the clay. This absorbed mass is not necessarily adsorbed onto the clay surfaces, but may be located in the interlayer solution. To reflect this difference, we have used the unusual nomenclature absorption isotherm rather than the usual adsorption isotherm in the presentation of the data. 

The content and length of any given report will depend on the subject matter of the experiment and on the standards established by the instructor. It is om behef that at least in some cases the report should be quite complete and should include a quantitative analysis of the experimental uncertainties and a detailed discussion of the significance of the results (see the sample report given below). For many experiments a brief report with only a qualitative treatment of errors and a short discussion may be considered adequate. In either case, a clear presentation of the data, calculations, and results is essential to every report on experimental work. 

Vn>en the area under the Log (S") versus temperature curve Is plotted against epoxy moisture content, there Is a definite Increase with Increased moisture content. One method for presentation of the data Is to simply plot the area under the loss compliance transition as a function of sample moisture content. This could be done for each epoxy under consideration. 

The analogy among heat, mass, and momentum transfer was studied and a more generalized presentation of the data on heat- and mass-transfer coefficients was made (El, Gl, G5, S3, W3). 

The slow oxidation by CI2 has been described by Mazumdar and Pisharody (45, 46). Unfortunately, neither the presentation of the data nor its interpretation is clear. The rate law is incorrectly derived from the proposed mechanism, which in turn violates the principle of microscopic reversibility. 

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