Current Literature File

In our initial examination of the current literature file from REACCS there are 29,700 reactions (in 23,100 entries) and 16,500 are constructions, the rest being refunctionalizations (or a few more complex multiple constructions). To date we have found 5600 construction matches, i.e., about 34%. The rest are written in ways that require more translation and as this proceeds, the proportion matched will rise, but there are still many which are too specific, or involve hidden refunctionalization steps, to be useful general precedents (also a nontrivial number are incorrectly entered). Even so, the literature base available to the SYNGEN user is already substantial, and our search procedure makes this readily available. 

This is a combined archival database with 171629 reactions originating predominantly from about 300 Journals and some patents. It comprises the Theilheimer databa.se (46785 reactions 1946-1980), the core database from the former ORAC system (about 65 000 reactions, mainly 1980-1991), and several databases produced by MDL (CLF Current Literature File 36600 general synthetic reactions 1983-1991. CHIRAS 13 200 asymmetric reactions 1975-1991. Metalysis 12000 metal-mediated reactions 1974-1991). Although the time coverage of RefLib does really start at 1946, the onset of Theilheimer, there are almost 4000 reactions with pre-1946 references (2600 with literature only before that year). 

This paper outlines a scheme for preparing literature and patent surveys with a near minimum of time expenditure and a high degree of completeness. The scheme consists primarily of the continuous collection, classification, and filing of current literature and patents. As a result of this operation, surveys may be prepared directly from filed material without arduous searching through the abstract iournals. Stenographic personnel may be utilized lor much of the work to reduce the cost of the operation and conserve the time of technical personnel. 

A far-sighted company policy can do more to save time in making searches than individual searchers can possibly save. When a company develops its own tailored subject index system of classification, covering its entire field of interest, and feeds into this its current literature abstracts and reviews of currently issued patents, the over-all saving of search time will be from 50 to 70%, after the system has been in effect for 20 or more years. When such a procedure is used, the time saved in searching is directly proportional to the number of years covered and the quality of the classification system. For the first year or so, the time saved is small, but it mounts yearly. In time, files of articles and patent references are built up on all subjects likely to interest the company. These files constitute searches in themselves and are kept up to date by the routine abstracting and patent indexing. 

The previous work by the authors leading to this has ensured that the Petri-Net model proposed, is reliably constructed based upon an in-depth, and up-to-date review of PEMFC failure phenomena. The failure logic is sound based upon current literature. However, if further interactions or modules are discovered that need to be added, the Petri-Net model can easily facilitate this occurrence, with a simple addition to the script files. 

The next step, given that no relevant data can be found from any literature sources or from any internal files (and that it has been determined what data are needed or most likely to allow selection of desirable candidate compounds), is to perform appropriate predictive tests. The bulk of this section addresses the specifics of performing such evaluations using in vitro models. Before considering how to design, develop the components of, and conduct such a testing program, we must first consider how the practice of safety assessment came to its current state of acceptance and utilization of such tests. 

Information in regulatory files (e.g., clinical trial applications). Existing literature and current compliance guidelines and procedures. Feedback on early phase methods. 

J. Proton Affinity Retrieval Prograno. With the current high level of interest in chemical ionization mass spectrometry, there is a need for a reliable file of gas phase proton affinities. No data base of this sort has previously been assembled and for these reasons, the task of gathering and evaluating all published gas phase proton affinities has been undertaken by Rosenstock and co-workers at NBS. This file [28], which has about 400 critically evaluated gas phase proton affinities drawn from the open literature, and can be searched on the basis of compound type or the proton affinity value. It will be appended to the MSSS and the bibliographic component will be merged with the Mass Spectrometry Bulletin Search System. 

Process spectroscopy is, almost by definition, done to measure and control an industrial process. Almost all of the work is driven by business needs, such as improving profits or product quality. In competitive business environments, firms preserve every advantage possible by protecting valuable measurement systems as trade secrets. Thus, firms are often reluctant to reveal process spectroscopy applications, whether successful or not. Notable exceptions to this include the desire for positive publicity around improved safety or to direct the regulatory environment. Often, companies will patent the work and will not publish in a scientific journal until after the patent is filed, if ever. Many applications, such as the classic titanium oxide-monitoring paper, are revealed only years after implementation. As a consequence, the current state of the art in the literature is quite likely far out of date. 

Examples of experimental voltammograms are shown in Figs 6.22-6.24. These are all from our current research on the oxidation of substituted pyrroles [39,42]. Numerous other examples may be found in the literature [1, 2]. The voltammograms shown are recorded with a potentiostat without electronic compensation of the solution resistance in order to illustrate better some of the problems caused by the solution resistance. The peak potentials below are given with a precision of 10 mV, which is typical for values reported in the literature. These values originate from the data files and cannot be determined with this precision directly from the figures reproduced below. 

Progress in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Elsevier. Review series. Vol. 19, ed. G. W. Gribble and J. A. Joule, published in 2008, consists of a critical review of the 2006 literature preceded by two chapters on current heterocyclic topics. Individual chapters can be purchased as PDF files. 

A literature database well suited for obtaining the information we seek is the Current Journals of the American Chemical Society (CJACS) file. Like the CA file, CJACS is produced by the CAS and is searchable through the STN International network. The CJACS database has the advantages of being large (145,001 papers) and interdisciplinary, as well as covering some of the journals with the highest impact - on chemistry. The records in the database include not only abstracts, but also the full text of the articles and all the references and... 

These latter comments are largely out of date given the on-line status of most journals. As mentioned above, pdf files of an article can be downloaded, or they can be read directly via the HTML file using any current browser. The reader is encouraged to contact the library person in your establishment that is responsible for chemical literature and to learn which on-line services are available through your local library. 

Literature searches are also available from OTS on a fee basis. These are performed to meet special needs which are not covered by a currently available OTS Selective Bibliography. Under this service OTS will compile lists of relevant publications in its collection rf government research reports, unclassified and declassified AEG reports, technical translations, and OTS files of government-owned patents. The fee for this service is 8 per hour, and the customer may limit the time to be spent on a search. Additional information on these searches may be obtained by writing to the Technical Information Division, OflBce of Technical Services, Washington 25, D.G. 

It is impossible to list all the information which is available, because of limited space and the fact that the compilers of this list cannot possibly be acquainted with everything which is currently published. Sweet s Catalog Service 25) publishes a catalog file which covers literature issued by the major manufacturers in the United States. 

It was pointed out that older literature is more heavily utilized in chemistry than is the case for other disciplines. Short of making all current research freely available online, free access to journal back-files, self-archiving, and institutional repositories were presented as other approaches to making more research accessible. In terms of self-archiving... 

In respect of the different sources of available information, the database can be divided into a Short File and a Full File, The Full File will consist of all the data which have been published in the Handbook series and which have been checked for errors and redundancies by Beilstein information specialists. The Short File is built directly from the abstracts of the primary literature without any further checking. Factual data of the current, primary literature will be added to the Short File on a regular basis. The Full File will be continuously extended by processing the raw material of the Short File via an error checking and removal of redundancies. 

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