Patent References

Mundell, and A. E. Strover, U.S. Pat. 4,851,005, July 25, 1989, assigned to South African Invention Development Corporation. 

Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 

Maria Curie-Skloclowska Universitv, Liihlin, Poland 

The Concept of Chemical Shift and Its Dependence on Adsorption Interactions 

The dynamic characteristics of adsorbed molecules can be determined in terms of temperature dependences of relaxation times [14-16] and by measurements of self-diffusion coefficients applying the pulsed-gradient spin-echo method [ 17-20]. Both methods enable one to estimate the mobility of molecules in adsorbent pores and the rotational mobility of separate molecular groups. The methods are based on the fact that the nuclear spin relaxation time of a molecule depends on the feasibility for adsorbed molecules to move in adsorbent pores. The lower the molecule s mobility, the more effective is the interaction between nuclear magnetic dipoles of adsorbed molecules and the shorter is the nuclear spin relaxation time. The results of measuring relaxation times at various temperatures may form the basis for calculations of activation characteristics of molecular motions of adsorbed molecules in an adsorption layer. These characteristics are of utmost importance for application of adsorbents as catalyst carriers. They determine the diffusion of reagent molecules towards the active sites of a catalyst and the rate of removal of reaction products. Sometimes the data on the temperature dependence of a diffusion coefficient allow one to ascertain subtle mechanisms of filling of micropores in activated carbons [17]. 

---

Section Subject content 1973 Number of basic patent references, x 10 1983 1993... 

Chemical Abstracts Service. The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a division of the American Chemical Society, has produced Chemical Abstracts (CA) since 1907. Since the demise of Chemisches Zentralblatt and British Chemical Abstracts CA has been the preeminent medium for documenting new pubhcations in the field of chemistry and chemical engineering. CA documents chemical pubHcations of all types. It is not a patent database per se, but its patent component is larger than most databases devoted entirely to patents. Thus, for example, the number of patent references in CA for the years 1991—1993 ranged from 95,500—99,400 per year. 

With the current prevalence of computer Hterature searching, it is relatively easy to accomplish patent searches, especiaUy in Chemicaly hstracts (CAS). In heu of what would be an extensive Ust of patent references to the many appHcations for VP homo- and copolymers, a Ust of the major categories and the number of patents granted in each of them during the period 1989—1995 is given in Table 17. More detail concerning the patents is provided in Reference 27. 

Table 17. Patent References to VP Homo- and Copolymers 1989-June 1995...

Early reports of analgesic and antiarthritic activity in octahydropjTido[4,3-d]pyrimidines do not appear to have been substantiated, but a number of recent patents refer to the antipyretic, diuretic, bacteriostatic, sedative, and coronary-dilating activities of a series of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines. Pharmacological properties claimed for, 5,6-dihydropyrido[2,3-[Pg.198]

In order to meet the rising demand for information thousands of databases are available worldwide. Nearly all supply technical literature, economic information, patent references, and manufacturers addresses. Materials databases with numerical values are a relatively small part of these programs. Because the majority of these databases are from individual manufacturers of plastics, there is only limited comprehensive, neutral information on most materials in these software programs. 

Access to Practice. Publications and patents on the batch mass process are limited. Bishop s book CD contains the most detailed description of the polymerization press and mass-suspension processes for PS and HIPS. Fong (16) presents an economic analysis of the press process based on Bishop s description. Patent references are few for the batch-mass process the 1939 Bakelite patent on transfer of prepoly syrup to chambers or containers is of historical interest (17). 

We should not minimize the effects that electronic searching of patents has had on the business of research. In 1990, CAS introduced MARPAT, which is a database of Markush (generic) structures found in patent documents [1]. This database provided a valuable tool for patent searching in a more comprehensive way than had been available previously. In 1995, CAS launched SciFinder, which provided access to the patent literature for chemists on their desktops. Using the SciFinder interface, one may search for research topics, authors, companies, or structures/reactions. From a practical viewpoint, SciFinder did more to enhance the searching capabilities of the medicinal chemist than any other tool. Even today, SciFinder continues to provide a first pass through the patent literature when chemists want to include patents in their searching. Indeed, when a search is performed, patent references are included in the answer set. Only very recently have there been additional tools to search the patent literature that have found widespread use. 

The KOCAT Society (no patent reference known by authors), in South Korea, solved the DeNO problem of big burners, by directly injecting oxygenates on the catalyst at the outlet of the burner. This process involves the third function of our model. This example shows that only one model (the present one) for DeNO reaction can be used for either mobile or stationary sources. Pathways are the same what is changing is the nature of the reductant, which has to be activated, through its partial oxidation, at the temperature when N—O bonds (dinitrosyl species) are broken. 

The second important piece in the process development is the separation scheme. Several methods were suggested, such as decanting, water extraction or fractional distillation, use of hydrocyclones, hydrophobic membrane filters, etc. In the early work at EBC, many of its patents refer to facilitating catalyst separation via immobilization, although no mention is given on how activity was impacted by that immobilization. Furthermore, there were no details on how immobilization was achieved and which were the preferred means and techniques. 

Table 4.1 Some products of nature that are generally patentable under US patent law. Additional patenting criteria (e.g. utility) must also be met. For many products, the patent will include details of the process used to purify the product. However, process patents can be filed, as can use patents. Refer to text for further details...

Note that the dates given for patent references are the years of publication and/or of grant of the patents, and not the years of application. 

The rearrangement reaction continues to be of synthetic utility, often involved in industrial processes. Patent references (e.g. Reference 48) refer to the formation of 4-amino phenols. Often the reactant nitro compound is reduced (to the hydroxylamine) in an acid environment so that the two-stage reaction can be accomplished as a one-pot synthesis. 4-Amino phenol itself 45 can be made in high yield directly from nitrobenzene49 and the 4-methoxy aniline derivative 46 similarly from 2-methylnitrobenzene by hydrogenation in MeOH/H2S0450. 

Chapter 3 outlines zeolite synthesis, modification and the manufacturing of zeolite-based catalysts and adsorbents. Extensive patent references are given to provide the reader with a historical perspective. Some of the pitfalls associated with the operation of synthesis and manufacturing units are also described. 

The alcoholysis of sulfites such as dimethyl sulfite offers a convenient method for the preparation of high-boiling dialkyl sulfites [33]. Earlier, Voos and Blanke [8a] reported that dimethyl sulfite is converted to diethyl sulfite in 44 % yield. The reaction was shown to be acid-catalyzed and failed when barium carbonate was present. However, a patent refers to the use of lithium hydride in the transalcoholysis of 2,2-(4,4 -dihydroxyphenyl)propane with diphenyl sulfite or di-o-cresyl sulfite [32]. Recently Mehrotra and Mathur [34] reported that the alcoholysis reaction proceeds in the absence of catalysts. Their results are summarized in Eqs. (21)—(23) and Table VII. Tertiary butanol did not... 

Note that Frdl. is an abbreviation for the following source where the patent reference can be found Friedlanders Fortschritte der Teerfarbenfabrikation, Berlin. 

The author has identified the most important patents of significant interest by using an asterisk symbol before each patent reference. 

This review of progress in the development of methods for the removal of wax from petroleum oils is not purported to be complete with respect to all literature and patent references. 

The literature and patent references cited include only those believed to be pertinent in outlining progress in the development of the most important methods for the removal of asphaltic materials from petroleum. 

C. Chen, H. Yamamoto, and T. Kwan, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 17 (1969) 2349-2352. In a number of Japanese patents referred to therein, the reduction of calcium D-xj/io-5-hexulosonate is disclosed. 

If you are the inventor and are representing yourself (pro se), then you will need to supply the information yourself to the USPTO. The information submitted must be listed on an information disclosure statement, and the forms can be found on the USPTO website. Briefly, there is a section for U.S. patent and published patent applications, foreign patent applications, and patents as well as nonpatent references. For U.S. patents and patent publications, only a citation is necessary. For non-U.S. patent references or any other reference, the citation must be indicated on the form and a hardcopy of the reference must be provided. If the reference is written in a language other than English, a summary of the relevancy of the document in English or an English translation must be provided. 

As we saw in the previous section, properly determining inventorship is important because inventorship determines initial ownership and all of the attendant financial considerations that go with it. Listing proper inventorship is also critically important because improper inventorship means that the inventors listed are not the actual inventors of the subject matter. If you are thinking to yourself, so what then you need to recall that 102(f) of the U.S. patent code provides that A person shall be entitled to a patent unless. ..he did not himself invent the subject matter sought to be patented (emphasis added). In 102(f), the word he refers to the inventive entity (all of the inventors) named on the patent.10 Thus if an inventor has been left off the patent (referred to as nonjoinder of a proper inventor), then the listed inventors did not invent the subject matter of the claimed invention entirely themselves since they did not invent all of the subject matter of the claimed invention.11 Such a patent is invalid. Likewise, if a patent is granted that lists one or more persons who were not actually inventors, then he would not have invented all of the subject matter sought to be patented since some of the listed inventors would not actually be inventors (this is referred to as misjoinder ). Such a patent is also invalid. If this seems a harsh remedy for what can be a difficult determination to make (as we soon will see), then you will be relieved to know that mistakes in inventorship can be corrected both before and after issuance of the patent. 

FIGURE 8.11 Prior art genus from 632 patent reference having described antidepressant activity. 

I) state that an application that contains data from bioavailability or bioequivalence studies has been submitted under this subsection for the drug with respect to which the certification is made to obtain approval to engage in the commercial manufacture, use, or sale of the drug before the expiration of the patent referred to in the certification and (II) include a detailed statement of the factual and legal basis of the opinion of the applicant that the patent is invalid or will not be infringed. 

In the patent referred to above, the cell described is suitable for the electrolysis of alkali chloride and is of the bell type, but it is particularly suitable for electrolysing alkali nitrate. Pure nitric acid is formed at the anode inside the bell and is removed by distillation, which is effected by working under reduced pressure and by heating the bells with superheated steam. The nitrite which is formed at the cathode is drawn off continuously and separated outside the cell. The cell itself acts as cathode, and the anode is of such size as to almost dll the bell and thus reduce the working space of the eleotrolyte. High current density (16 amps, per dm.8), reduced pressure and high temperature, are favourable to the distillation of a large amount of concentrated nitric acid. 

Banks, Paterson, and Williams of British Gas have described951 the preparation and properties of a coprecipitated Ni-Al203 catalyst (50 wt% Ni) to which were added 1.0 wt% of an alkali metal and 0.5 wt% of ruthenium. This material was shown to have desirable properties when used for the steam reforming of a hydrocarbon oil in the temperature range 410-476 °C. It is, however, not very likely that such a catalyst will be used commercially because of the high cost of ruthenium and the limited supplies of this metal which are available. Another British Gas patent, referred to previously, introduces chromium into the formulation to improve the stability of the resultant catalyst.77... 

Most of the original patents referring to meat flavors utilizing Maillard technology vere claimed by Unilever (48-52 56,57). More recent patents are involved with the production of meat-like flavors. While a majority of patents are concerned vith cysteine, cystine, or methionine as the sulfur source, others claim alternatives such as mercaptoacetaldehyde, mercaptoalkamines, etc. Several patents (53,54), declare the contribution to meat-like flavors produced from thiamine in the Maillard reaction. Alternately, a technical report describes the volatile flavor compounds produced by the thermal degradation of thiamine alone (55). 

Once the co-rotating extruder had become the standard element for plastics conditioning and processing, compounding in other words, and the patents referred to in Section 2.2.2 had expired (approximately 1970), the co-rotating principle was adopted by numerous mechanical engineering companies. Today, approx. 50 companies around the world can supply small or medium-sized (approx. < 120 mm) screws. However, just five are able to supply large screws of 120 mm to 380 mm (estimated values). 

---