Predictive testing

Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The Critical Incident Technique. Psychology Bulletin 51,327-358. Folkard, S., Morrk, T. H., Lobban, M C. (1979). Towards a Predictive Test of Adjustment to Shift Work. Ergonomics 22,79-91. 

The use of visualisation to make predictions This was done and the predictions tested both empirically and from thonght experiments, sometimes with the help of the concrete models previously produced. 

Simeonova, P.P. and Erdely, A. (2009) Engineered nanoparticle respiratory exposure and potential risks for cardiovascular toxicity predictive tests and biomarkers. Inhalation Toxicology,... 

Identification of polymorphisms associated with response and/or side-effects => Individual tailoring based on predictive tests Identification of the biological mechanisms responsible for side-effects. 

Kuper, C.F. et al., Predictive testing for pathogenic autoimmunity the morphological approach, Toxicol. Lett., 112-113 433, 2000b. 

Botham, RA. et al., Skin sensitization—a critical review of predictive test methods in animals and man, Fd. Chem. Toxic., 29, 275, 1991. 

Maurer, T., Guinea pig predictive tests, in Toxicology of contact hypersensitivity, I. Kimber, I. and Maurer, T., Eds., Taylor Francis, London, 1996, pp 107-126. 

Andersen, K.E. and Maibach, H.I., Contact Allergy Predictive Tests in Guinea Pigs, Karger, Basle, 1985. 

There are three recommended protocols for assessing topical phototoxicity potential rabbit, guinea pig, and mouse. The first described here is that for the rabbit. The traditional methodology for a predictive test for phototoxicity has been an intact rabbit test (Marzulli and Maibach, 1970). This test is conducted as follows (and illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 11.2). 

The next step, given that no relevant data can be found from any literature sources or from any internal files (and that it has been determined what data are needed or most likely to allow selection of desirable candidate compounds), is to perform appropriate predictive tests. The bulk of this section addresses the specifics of performing such evaluations using in vitro models. Before considering how to design, develop the components of, and conduct such a testing program, we must first consider how the practice of safety assessment came to its current state of acceptance and utilization of such tests. 

Thomson, M.A., Hearn, L.A., Smith, K.T., Teal, J.J. and Dickens, M.S. (1989b). Evaluation of the neutral red cytotoxicity assay as a predictive test for the ocular irritancy potential of cosmetic products. In Alternative Methods in Toxicology, Vol. 7 (Goldberg, A.M., Ed.). Mary Ann Liebert, New York, pp. 297-305. 

The significance of Lp(a) as a risk factor with high predictive potential has also become widely accepted in clinical medicine. Hearn et al. concluded from their study that the measurement of Lp(a) level provided the best predictive test for the incidence of CHD in their study population (H22). They concluded that measurement of Lp(a) might become an important screening test, which was supported by Genest et al. when they provided evidence for the notion that... 

MSEC (or MSEcal) refers to results from a calibration set, MSECV (or MSEcv) to results obtained in CV, and MSEP (or MSEtest) to results from a prediction/test set. MSE minus the squared bias gives the squared SEP,... 

The root mean squared error (RMSE) is the square root of MSE, and can again be given for calibration (RMSEC or RMSECAL), CV (RMSECV or RMSECv) or for prediction/test (RMSEP, or RMSEtest). In the case of a negligible bias, RMSEP and SEP are almost identical, as well as MSEniST and SEP2. 

S. Frankild, A. Volund, J. E. Wahlberg, and K. E. Andersen. Comparison of the sensitivities of the Buehler test and teh guinea pig maximization test for predictive testing of contact allergey. Acta Derm. Venereol. 80 256-262 (2000). 

The influence of mechanism and kinetic data on yields and selectivities in addition reactions of anodically generated radicals to olefins has been calculated and the predictions tested in preparative electrolyses [118]. 

Yapel RA, Duda JL, Lin X and Von Meerwall ED (1994) Mutual and self-diffusion of water in gelatin experimental measurement and predictive test of free-volume theory. Polymer 35, 2411-2416. 

Kimber I. Skin sensitisation immunological mechanisms and novel approaches to predictive testing. In Balls M, Van Zeller A-M, Haider M, eds. Proceedings of the Third World Congress on Alternatives and... 

Revillard, J.P., Robinet, E., Goldman, M., Bain. H.. Latinne, D. and Chatenoud, L. (1995) In vitro correlates of the acute toxic syndrome induced by some monoclonal antibodies a rationale for the design of predictive tests. Toxicology, 96. 51-58. 

The work carried out to date indicates that not all lithium salts are effective in diminishing the alkali-aggregate expansion reaction [10]. Optimum dosage requirements and long-term effects have to be evaluated. Before the relative effects of various lithium compounds such as hydroxide, carbonate, nitrate, fluoride, perchlorate, chloride, etc., can be substantiated much more work employing reliable predictive tests has to be carried out. 

The radiobiological arguments discussed above indicate that the high-LET radiation could bring a benefit in the treatment of some cancer types. However, they also imply the need for the development of predictive tests, allowing the radiation oncologist to... 

While trying to resolve which sources are present in the data, one starts with an initial guess of the elemental composition of the source material. This concentration profile is then used as the test vector, b, in equation 21. From the rotation vector and b, a predicted vector, b, can be calculated. The error observed between the original test vector b and the predicted test vector b gives an indication as to whether the test vector is a reasonable representation of a factor. 

Theoretically, use of fuel as a coolant is convenient. But, it is well known that heating oils for even short periods of time accelerates gum and sediment formation. (In fact, this is the basis for many stability prediction tests in the petroleum industry.) It was not unexpected then, that when fuels are heated in aircraft fuel systems, temperatures would be high enough to cause some fuel degradation... 

Inhibition of conditioned (but not unconditioned) avoidance behavior is one of the most predictive tests of antipsychotic action. Another is the inhibition of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior. Other tests that may predict antipsychotic action are reduction of exploratory behavior without undue sedation, induction of a cataleptic state, inhibition of intracranial self-stimulation of reward areas, and prevention of apomorphine-induced vomiting. Most of these tests are difficult to relate to any model of clinical psychosis. 

R. Marbach and H. M. Heise, Calibration modeling by partial least-squares and principal component regression and its optimisation using an improved leverage correction for prediction testing, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst., 9(1), 1990, 45-63. 

The scientific process most often begins with which of the following questions, hypotheses, observations, predictions, tests ... 

Describe how Lavoisier used the scientific approach (observation, questions, hypothesis, predictions, tests, theory) in his development of the principle of mass conservation. 

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