Research and Accessibility

Knowledge and awareness of the problems are the first steps in overcoming these issues. Research and access to literature by authors in the western world will aid in obtaining this knowledge. 

These brief examples of developments in semiconductor technology and optoelectronics are offered to give the flavour of recent semiconductor research. An accessible technical account of MBE and its triumphs can be found in an overview by Cho (1995), while a more impressionistic but very vivid account of Capasso and his researches at Bell Labs is in a popular book by Amato (1997). A very extensive historical survey of the enormous advances in optical and optoelectronic physics , with attention to the materials involved, is in a book chapter by Brown and Pike (1995). 

Requirement for the supplier to have access to research and development facilities... 

The authors are very grateful to P. Wachter for the generous support in providing the access to the technical facilities, and to K. Sattler and D. Ugarte for fruitful discussions, and to J. Muller for technical assistance. One of us (L.D.) wishes to acknowledge the financial support of the Swiss National Foundation for the Scientific Research and of the ETH Research Council. 

Since the early 1970s a panel convened by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology has been working to formulate recommendations for carbohydrate nomenclature that meet developing needs of research and electronic data handling, while retaining links to the established literature base on carbohydrates. The realization of these endeavors is presented here in the final document Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, which provides a definitive reference for current researchers, both in the text version and in the version accessible on the World Wide Web (http //www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/2carb/), where amendments and revisions are maintained. 

Many or most of the results from data mining in industry went unpublished. More recently, when a few academic researchers gained access to data mining software, the weakly active compounds they found were excitedly published. This difference between industry and academia in handling similar kinds of results is a matter of priorities. In industry, the hrst priority is to hnd marketable products and get them out the door. In academia, the priority is to publish (especially in high-impact journals). Contrary to a common misconception, scientists in industry do publish, a point we return to below. 

Research in the author s laboratory is supported by the SERC, the MRC and the Wellcome Trust. The author is indebted to Dr. M.T. Cairns, Dr. A. Davies, Dr. A.F. Davies and Dr. P.J.F. Henderson for many helpful discussions and access to unpublished information. Mr. R.A.J. Preston and Mrs. J. Baldwin provided invaluable help in the preparation of the figures. 

The material presented here is a compilation obtained by critically screening approximately 20,000 references from the literature (mainly from the Petroleum Abstracts Data Base and Patent Data Bases). Only materials that are accessible to the public have been included. The literature was screened from a chemist s point of view. Unfortunately several papers and patents did not disclose the chemical nature of the additives that are proposed for certain applications. In most cases it was not possible to learn the components by looking up cross-references and other sources. Papers of this kind are useless and have been omitted from the reference list. Research and procedures that are obviously not working, as well as wonder additives that are supposedly good for everything you can imagine, have also been left out. 

EPA (2007). Sustainable Research Strategy. Office of Research and Development, LfS Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, http //www.epa.gov/Sustamability/ pdfs/EPA-12057 SRS R4-l.pdf. (accessed 25.10.10). 

Ludington, D. and Johnson, E. L. (2003). Dairy Farm Energy Audit Summary Flex Tech Services. New York State Energy Research and Development Authority, Albany, NY. http //www. nyserda.org/publications/dairyfarmenergysummary.pdf. (accessed 24.10.10). 

All of the science disciplines contribute to the body of information and knowledge that is used by pharmaceutical researchers, educators, and practitioners. Questions and information needs that arise within a pharmaceutical specialty will not necessarily be met by the literature associated with that specialty [13]. Researchers and academics particularly need access to a broad range of science literature. English is widely used however, the biomedical literature is and has been truly international [13]. About 86% of the current MEDLINE database is English language even though only 52% of current cited articles were published in the United States [20]. 

For doctors, researchers and policy setters to do their work properly, they need to have access to full and complete information. This can be done if pharmaceutical companies are required to do the following ... 

The product of a research organization is knowledge. The distilled and summarized form of this knowledge is in the form of research reports. A research organization must to be able to search and access its research reports easily and efficiently. The Research... 

Society as a whole gains from being able to access the knowledge that arises out of basic research, and in particular it gains more to the extent that applications are developed. This is why we say that the marginal cost of a person having access to this knowledge is zero once it has become available. If basic research were fenced in by a patent it would not allow this access. 

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