Surveys Patent

Giass/Resin interface Patent Survey, Patent List, and General Bibliography , PLASTEC Rept... 

Tooling Materials, Techniques, Tool Design , PLASTEC Rept 15 (1964) 7)WJ.Eakins, Glass/Resin Interface Patent Survey, Patent List, and General Bibliography , PLASTEC Rept 18 (1964) 8) A.E. Molzon, Electrical Pro-... 

Survey patents, published papers, existed experience and pilot test to decide reasonable operating parameters, such as inlet air temperature, outlet air temperature. Einally select the inlet air temperature... 

Photochromic Organic Dyes. Intensive investigations into this category of substances have led to numerous patent appHcations. Copper—phthalocyanine pigments, organic dyes based on cyanine (Ricoh, Pioneer), naphthochinone (Nippon Denki), and ben2othiopyrane (Sony) (123) have been described. They did not lead, however, to any commercial use. Surveys on the possibiUties of optical data storage with photochromic dyes can be found (124,125). 

Survey of the patent Hterature reveals companies with processes for 1,4-butanediol from maleic anhydride include BASF (94), British Petroleum (95,96), Davy McKee (93,97), Hoechst (98), Huels (99), and Tonen (100,101). Processes for the production of y-butyrolactone have been described for operation in both the gas (102—104) and Hquid (105—108) phases. In the gas phase, direct hydrogenation of maleic anhydride in hydrogen at 245°C and 1.03 MPa gives an 88% yield of y-butyrolactone (104). Du Pont has developed a process for the production of tetrahydrofuran back-integrated to a butane feedstock (109). Slurry reactor catalysts containing palladium and rhenium are used to hydrogenate aqueous maleic acid to tetrahydrofuran (110,111). 

Numerous methods for the alkaloidal assay of lobelia and its galenical preparations have been published and two recent critical surveys, by a special committee of the Society of Public Analysts and by Caulkin, indicate that the process of Markwell is satisfactory. Processes for the isolation and separation of the various alkaloids have been protected by patent. Balandin states that Lobelia sessiliflora contains less alkaloid than L. injiata but yields a high-quality lobeline. 

Early in their work on molten salt electrolytes for thermal batteries, the Air Force Academy researchers surveyed the aluminium electroplating literature for electrolyte baths that might be suitable for a battery with an aluminium metal anode and chlorine cathode. They found a 1948 patent describing ionically conductive mixtures of AICI3 and 1-ethylpyridinium halides, mainly bromides [6]. Subsequently, the salt 1-butylpyridinium chloride/AlCl3 (another complicated pseudo-binary)... 

Cashewnut Shell Liquid-Extraction and Uses—A Survey of World Patents upto 1976, Cashew Export Promotion Council, Ernakulam (1978). 

In a patent survey [76] about shampoos over the period 1968-1978 the so-called cryptoanionic alkyl ether carboxylate based on tridecyl alcohol with 6.5 mol EO has been mentioned for a conditioning shampoo in combination with an amphoteric and cationic surfactant [77]. Because of the low interference with cationic surfactants no negative effect on the conditioning properties has been found [78]. 

Jung, J. and Perrut, M. (2001) Partide design using supercritical fluids literature and patent survey. Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 20 (3), 179-219. 

Levin8 prepared a survey for research and development R D heads in which they were asked about the effectiveness of different methods for protecting products and processes patents, industrial secrecy, rapidity in the learning curve and sales efforts. The results showed that product patents were considered to be more effective than process patents, but in general all the other methods were regarded as more effective than the protection provided by patents, in a general survey that was not addressed to any particular sector. 

Volume 116 A patent-oriented survey by M. Sideris Catalysis and Automotive Pollution Control IV. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium (CAPoC4), Brussels, Belgium, April 9-11, 1997 edited by N. Kruse, A. Frennet and J.-M. Bastin... 

Today, a large body of work on microwave-assisted synthesis exists in the published and patent literature. Many review articles [8-20], several books [21-23], and information on the world-wide-web [24] already provide extensive coverage of the subject. The goal of the present book is to present carefully scrutinized, useful, and practical information for both beginners and advanced practitioners of microwave-assisted organic synthesis. Special emphasis is placed on concepts and chemical transformations that are of importance to medicinal chemists, and that have been reported in the most recent literature (2002-2004). The extensive literature survey is limited to reactions that have been performed using controlled microwave heating conditions, i.e., where dedicated microwave reactors for synthetic applications with adequate... 

In the early days of Ziegler catalysis (the 1960s) there was considerable effort expended, and a flurry of patents and papers on the copolymerization of ethylene with countless polar monomers. It is generally accepted that none of these attempts was successful, and at least some of the erroneous claims must be attributed to lack of sophisticated analytical methods in those pioneering days. For interested parties this work is best surveyed in the book of John Boor [14],... 

In this chapter we will be concerned mainly with the formation of high polymers of isobutene, and with the fundamental studies aimed at the elucidation of this reaction. There is no doubt that many useful hints of fundamental interest are to be found in the patent literature, but in most cases the purity of the reagents and the reaction conditions are so ill defined, that no conclusions can be drawn from findings reported in patents. The ratio of scientifically valuable to dubious information in patents is so small that detailed survey of them, in the hope of discovering sound information, should be a most unrewarding occupation. This is more or less true of all chemical patents, but especially so in this particular field where minute traces of impurities can effect catastrophic changes in the reaction pattern. For this reason attention has been confined to work published in the scientific literature. 

Patent application sequences (hie name Patent.dat) This subsection contains coding sequences captured from patent applications. A thorough survey of these entries have shown that except for a small minority (which have already been integrated in SWISS-PROT), most of these sequences contain either erroneous data... 

The findings of these studies are in accordance with an earlier study performed by the British economists Taylor and Silberston. Based on a survey of R D managers in the United Kingdom, they estimated that pharmaceutical R D expenditures would be reduced by 64% in the absence of patent protections. By contrast, the corresponding reduction was only 8% across all industries. Similar findings were reported by Edwin Mansfield, in a survey of the research directors of 100 U.S. corporations. ... 

In a follow-on study, Silberston categorized three groups of industries for when patents are essential, very important or less important on the basis of both survey responses and objective analyses (patent and R D intensity). He concluded that, "The first category consists of one industry only, pharmaceuticals." Edwin Mansfield surveyed the R D director of 100 U.S. corporations on what fraction of the inventions they introduce, between 1981 and 1983 would not have been developed without patent protection. For pharmaceuticals, the value was 60%, while the average across all industries was 14%. ... 

Biocatalysis is still an emerging field hence, some transformations are more established than others.Panke et alP have performed a survey of patent applications in the area of biocatalysis granted between the years 2000 and 2004. They found that although hydrolases, which perform hydrolyses and esterifications, still command widespread attention and remain the most utilized class of enzyme (Figure 1.5), significant focus has turned towards the use of biocatalysts with different activities and in particular alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) - also known as ketoreductases (KREDs) - used for asymmetric ketone reduction. 

Finally, new developments in zeolite catalyst and adsorbent manufacture will be outlined in the form of a survey of recent open and patent literature. Patents are extensively cited as reference materials for this chapter however no effort is made to identify specific manufacturing techniques actually used by any particular company to manufacture zeolites or any catalytic or adsorbent products. This is because there is no way to determine whether manufacturing patents are practiced as is or whether further refinements have been accomplished subsequent to the filing of the patents that may be held by specific companies as trade secrets. 

Barringer, A.R. 1973a. Method and apparatus for geochemical surveying. 1973a US Patent No. 3759617. 

A recent literature survey revealed >3,000 piperazine substructure containing compounds accessed by isocyanide-based MCRs. Many of these piperazines are of commercial interest and therefore are described in patents as a primary literature source. Moreover, 430,000 piperazine derivatives are commercially available (according to a substructure search in eMolecules) [1]. Inspecting the general scaffold types in the database of the commercially available piperazine derivatives, it can be speculated that a considerable fraction of them were made by MCR technology. Some examples of piperazine derivatives via isocyanide-based MCRs from patent literature are listed in Table 1. 

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