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Concentrations critical

Problems are usually encountered when pressure systems designed to operate at reasonable levels of particulate concentration are fed with dilute suspensions at the start of filtration. Low concentrations of sohds prevent the bridging effect which ensues when concentrated swarms of sohds are directed towards the pores in the filter medium. This effect is discussed quantitatively elsewhere in this Chapter. Failure to bridge the cloth pores will lead to deposition of particles inside the fabric. [Pg.120]


Provided this equaHty is satisfied and the dissolved oxygen concentration in the weU-mixed Hquid is greater than the critical concentration throughout the bioreactor, then the maximum oxygen demand of the species should be met satisfactorily. Design of the bioreactor must ensure that the above requirements are achieved economically and without damaging the biological species. [Pg.332]

The separation of Hquid crystals as the concentration of ceUulose increases above a critical value (30%) is mosdy because of the higher combinatorial entropy of mixing of the conformationaHy extended ceUulosic chains in the ordered phase. The critical concentration depends on solvent and temperature, and has been estimated from the polymer chain conformation using lattice and virial theories of nematic ordering (102—107). The side-chain substituents govern solubiHty, and if sufficiently bulky and flexible can yield a thermotropic mesophase in an accessible temperature range. AcetoxypropylceUulose [96420-45-8], prepared by acetylating HPC, was the first reported thermotropic ceUulosic (108), and numerous other heavily substituted esters and ethers of hydroxyalkyl ceUuloses also form equUibrium chiral nematic phases, even at ambient temperatures. [Pg.243]

The passivating action of an aqueous solution within porous concrete can be changed by various factors (see Section 5.3.2). The passive film can be destroyed by penetration of chloride ions to the reinforcing steel if a critical concentration of ions is reached. In damp concrete, local corrosion can occur even in the presence of the alkaline water absorbed in the porous concrete (see Section 2.3.2). The Cl content is limited to 0.4% of the cement mass in steel-concrete structures [6] and to 0.2% in prestressed concrete structures [7]. [Pg.428]

Density. Most fillers added in rubber base formulation have a density between 2 and 2.7 g/cm-, except barium sulphate (4-4.9 g/cm- ) and zinc oxide (5.6 g/cm ). Addition of filler increases the free volume of the polymer and, in general, there is a critical concentration of filler at which the density of the formulation increases. The method of incorporation of filler in the adhesive formulation is important because air voids may appear when a poor dispersion is produced. [Pg.629]

Figure 49. Extrapolation of sedimentation data to estimate time for critical concentration. Figure 49. Extrapolation of sedimentation data to estimate time for critical concentration.
For this safety criterion, we consider the fact that as the velocity decreases with increasing distance from the surface of the tank, it will reach some critical velocity, at which the induced movement of air will be insufficient to overcome the effects of crossdrafts or the buoyancy velocity At this point, we must ensure that the concentration is at, or below, some critical allowable concentration, Qfj,. The values of the critical concentration and velocity will depend (tn particular circumstances, but it is worth noting that must be at least equal to I g in order to overcome the effects of buoyancy, and the appropriate value will depend on the crossdrafts, which typically vary between 0.05 m to 0.5 in s F For the sake of providing examples, we have chosen to be the maximum of the buoyancy velocity and the typical cross-draft velocity. For the critical concentration we have chosen two values, C = 0.05 and C = 0.10. The actual value used by a designer would depend on the toxicity of the contaminant in question. [Pg.953]

FIGURE 10.75 Required initial kinematic momentum, f/p, as a function of the length of the tank, L, and the buoyancy velocity, v, when the critical contour criterion is applied with the critical concentration, C ,j, equal to 5% and the cross-drafts equal to 0.05 m s". ... [Pg.954]

X 10 M), and an equivalent amount of OH (its usual concentration in plasma) would swamp the buffer system, causing a dangerous rise in the plasma pH. How, then, can this bicarbonate system function effectively The bicarbonate buffer system works well because the critical concentration of H2CO3 is maintained relatively constant through equilibrium with dissolved CO2 produced in the tissues and available as a gaseous CO2 reservoir in the lungs. ... [Pg.52]

One of the most important characteristics of the emulsifier is its CMC, which is defined as the critical concentration value below which no micelle formation occurs. The critical micelle concentration of an emulsifier is determined by the structure and the number of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups included in the emulsifier molecule. The hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number is a good criterion for the selection of proper emulsifier. The HLB scale was developed by W. C. Griffin [46,47]. Based on his approach, the HLB number of an emulsifier can be calculated by dividing... [Pg.196]

In eq. (1) the ETT order parameter z = s(p-Pc) measures, in a convenient direction, the chemical potential from that corresponding to the ETT. From the values given in Table I for the above s and q, we readily see that the occurrence of the ETTs discussed in this paper always implies an increase of the alloy free energy. Thus, CuPt random alloys, that just below and above the equiatomic concentration present both the relevant ETT s, are less stable than CuPd or AgPd and, thus more likely to be destabilised. Moreover, the proximity to both the critical concentrations implies large contributions to the BSE from the X and L points. Now, the concentration wave susceptibility, Xcc(q). as observed by Gyorffy and Stocks, is proportional to... [Pg.303]

An increase followed by a decrease in corrosion rate at a certain critical concentration is a commonly observed phenomenon for many metals and alloys. If the anion concentration at which the decrease takes place is high, then the anion species is deemed to be aggressive, but if low the anion is referred to as inhibitive. A considerable amount of experimental work in... [Pg.309]

Amorphous Fe-3Cr-13P-7C alloys containing 2 at% molybdenum, tungsten or other metallic elements are passivated by anodic polarisation in 1 N HCl at ambient temperature". Chromium addition is also effective in improving the corrosion resistance of amorphous cobalt-metalloid and nickel-metalloid alloys (Fig. 3.67). The combined addition of chromium and molybdenum is further effective. Some amorphous Fe-Cr-Mo-metalloid alloys passivate spontaneously even in 12 N HCl at 60° C. Critical concentrations of chromium and molybdenum necessary for spontaneous passivation of amorphous Fe-Cr-Mo-13P-7C and Fe-Cr-Mo-18C alloys in hydrochloric acids of various concentrations and different temperatures are shown in Fig. 3.68 ... [Pg.634]

Fig. 3.68 Critical concentrations of chromium and molybdenum necessary for spontaneous passivation of amorphous Fe-Cr-Mo-13P-7C and Fe-Cr-Mo-18C alloys in hydrochloric acid of various concentrations and temperatures ... Fig. 3.68 Critical concentrations of chromium and molybdenum necessary for spontaneous passivation of amorphous Fe-Cr-Mo-13P-7C and Fe-Cr-Mo-18C alloys in hydrochloric acid of various concentrations and temperatures ...

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A critical concentration

Aggregates critical aggregation concentration

Amphiphiles critical micelle concentration

Anionic-nonionic surfactant mixtures critical micelle concentration

Antioxidant concentration, critical

Apparent Decrease in the Critical Concentration of Gelation

Apparent critical micellar concentration

Aqueous phase critical micelle concentration , limiting

Aqueous phase critical micelle concentrations

Bile salts Critical Micellar Concentration

C critical micelle concentration

CRITICAL CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE

Cadmium critical concentration

Coagulation concentration, critical

Coagulation concentration, critical particles

Coating critical micellar concentration

Coatings, critical pigment volume concentration

Colloids critical coagulation concentration

Concentration critical stress

Concentration critical, filter media

Concentration, Onsager critical

Concept of Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)

Cremophor Critical micelle concentration

Critical Flocculation Concentration Schultze-Hardy Rule

Critical Pigment Volume Concentration

Critical Pigment Volume Concentration CPVC)

Critical Polymer Concentration

Critical admicelle concentration

Critical adsorption concentration

Critical aggregate concentration

Critical aggregate concentration, CAC

Critical aggregation concentration

Critical aggregation concentration (CAC

Critical aggregation concentration formation

Critical aggregation concentration, for

Critical assembly concentration

Critical associating concentration

Critical association concentration (CAC

Critical association concentrations

Critical carbon dioxide concentration

Critical coagulation concentration DLVO theory

Critical coagulation concentration and the Hofmeister series

Critical coagulation concentration definition

Critical coagulation concentration measurements

Critical coagulation concentration solutions

Critical concentration as a function

Critical concentration for

Critical concentration for nucleation

Critical concentration of the viscosimetry

Critical concentration ratio

Critical concentration thermodynamic

Critical concentration, cylindrical

Critical concentration, definition

Critical concentration, for gelation

Critical concentration, liquid-crystalline

Critical concentration, liquid-crystalline composites

Critical concentration, solutions

Critical demicellization concentration, 190

Critical demixing concentration

Critical electrolyte concentration

Critical flocculating concentration

Critical flocculation concentration

Critical flocculation concentration dispersions

Critical fuel concentration

Critical gel concentration

Critical gelation concentration

Critical helix concentration

Critical hemi-micelle concentration

Critical hemimicelle concentration

Critical micell concentration

Critical micellar concentration

Critical micellar concentration chromatography

Critical micellar concentration determination

Critical micellar concentration, cmc

Critical micellar concentration, definition

Critical micelle concentration

Critical micelle concentration (CMC

Critical micelle concentration , molecular

Critical micelle concentration , molecular self-assembly

Critical micelle concentration 15]crown

Critical micelle concentration Gemini surfactants

Critical micelle concentration added electrolyte

Critical micelle concentration amphoteric surfactants

Critical micelle concentration amphoterics

Critical micelle concentration anionic head groups

Critical micelle concentration anionic polyelectrolyte

Critical micelle concentration aqueous media

Critical micelle concentration cationic head groups

Critical micelle concentration cationic surfactant binding

Critical micelle concentration chain length

Critical micelle concentration coefficients

Critical micelle concentration competitive adsorption

Critical micelle concentration composition

Critical micelle concentration contract

Critical micelle concentration counterion

Critical micelle concentration defined

Critical micelle concentration definition

Critical micelle concentration demicellization

Critical micelle concentration depression

Critical micelle concentration detergency

Critical micelle concentration determination

Critical micelle concentration dodecyl sulfate system

Critical micelle concentration effect

Critical micelle concentration electrolyte effect

Critical micelle concentration elevation

Critical micelle concentration empirical

Critical micelle concentration factors affecting

Critical micelle concentration fluorescence emission

Critical micelle concentration fluorinated hydrocarbons

Critical micelle concentration foams

Critical micelle concentration forming micelles

Critical micelle concentration hydrocarbon-fluorocarbon

Critical micelle concentration hydrophile structure

Critical micelle concentration hydrophilic groups

Critical micelle concentration hydrophilic ions

Critical micelle concentration hydrophobe structure

Critical micelle concentration hydrophobic groups

Critical micelle concentration in nonaqueous media

Critical micelle concentration influencing factors

Critical micelle concentration interactions

Critical micelle concentration measurement

Critical micelle concentration method

Critical micelle concentration micellization

Critical micelle concentration mixed surfactant values

Critical micelle concentration mixed surfactants

Critical micelle concentration mixing

Critical micelle concentration modeling

Critical micelle concentration non-aqueous media

Critical micelle concentration nonionic head groups

Critical micelle concentration of SDS

Critical micelle concentration of mixtures

Critical micelle concentration operational

Critical micelle concentration organic additives

Critical micelle concentration organic additives’ effect

Critical micelle concentration pressure

Critical micelle concentration pressure effect

Critical micelle concentration pure surfactant solution

Critical micelle concentration pyrene

Critical micelle concentration reactions

Critical micelle concentration remediation

Critical micelle concentration self-diffusion NMR

Critical micelle concentration siloxanes

Critical micelle concentration sodium

Critical micelle concentration structure

Critical micelle concentration surface

Critical micelle concentration surface forces

Critical micelle concentration surface pressure

Critical micelle concentration surface tension

Critical micelle concentration surfactant solutions

Critical micelle concentration surfactant surface tension

Critical micelle concentration surfactant type

Critical micelle concentration surfactant-polymer systems

Critical micelle concentration surfactants

Critical micelle concentration surfactants, basic properties

Critical micelle concentration systems

Critical micelle concentration temperature

Critical micelle concentration temperature dependence used

Critical micelle concentration temperature effect

Critical micelle concentration thermodynamics

Critical micelle concentration unsaturation

Critical micelle concentration values

Critical micelle concentration, potassium

Critical micelle concentrations of diblock

Critical micelle concentrations, determination micelles

Critical micellisation concentration

Critical micellization concentrations

Critical microemulsion concentration

Critical monomer concentration

Critical monomer concentration (CMC

Critical overlap concentration

Critical packing concentration

Critical pigment volume concentration point

Critical pure micelle concentration

Critical salt concentration

Critical self-assembly concentration

Critical shear deformation concentration

Critical vesicle concentration

Critical vesiculation concentration

Critical water concentration

Critical wetting concentration

Critical, micelle concentration solution temperature

Denaturant, critical concentration

Detergent critical micelle concentration

Determination of critical micelle concentration

Dispersion and the Critical Pigment Volume Concentration

Electrolytes critical micelle concentration

Emulsifier critical micelle concentration

Emulsion critical micelle concentration

Factors affecting the critical micelle concentration and micellar size

Factors influencing critical concentration

First critical concentration

Flocculation concentration, critical free polymer

Fuel, burnup critical concentration

Gelatin gels, critical concentration

Hydrides critical concentrations

Latexes critical coagulation concentration

Metamagnetic critical concentration

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography critical micelle concentration

Micelle Formation and Critical Micellar Concentration (CMC) of Bile Salts

Micelle critical micellar concentration

Micelle formation, critical concentration

Micelles and Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)

Micelles and critical micelle concentration

Micelles critical micelle concentration

Micellization and the Critical Micelle Concentration

Mixed micelles critical micellar concentrations

Mixed micelles critical micelle concentration

Mixed solvent critical micelle concentration

Passivators critical concentration

Percolation critical concentration

Phase equilibria critical concentration

Plasticizer critical concentration

Poly critical concentration

Polymeric surfactants critical coagulation concentration

Polymeric surfactants critical micelle concentration

Polymerizable surfactants critical micelle concentration

Reversed micelles critical micelle concentration

Schulze Hardy Rule critical coagulation concentrations

Schulze-Hardy rule and the critical coagulation concentration (CCC)

Second critical micelle concentration

Small critical micelle concentration

Soaps solutions, critical concentration

Sodium oleate critical micelle concentrations

Stability ratio critical coagulation concentration

Sugar surfactants critical micelle concentration

Surface viscosity critical micelle concentration

Surfactant critical association concentration

The Critical Concentration from Absolute Polymer Coil Radii

The Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)

The critical micelle concentration

Transition critical electrolyte concentration

Zwitterionic surfactants critical micelle concentration

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