Credits

Money to carry accounts receivable (i.e., credit extended to customers) less accounts payable (i.e., credit extended by suppliers)... 

Structurally benzene is the simplest stable compound having aromatic character, but a satisfactory graphical representation of its formula proved to be a perplexing problem for chemists. Kekule is usually credited with description of two resonating structures which. 

Although the present Good Workmanship approach actually gives conventional NDT methods the credit they deserve (their capabilities are well-used), there should nevertheless be a certainty beyond reasonable doubt that an accepted weld is fit for service. Many years of industrial experience have demonstrated that this certainty statistically exists. We are not doing things totally wrong. 

Priestley is generally credited with its discovery, although Scheele also discovered it independently. 

Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminum for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. 

In 1824 Berzelius, generally credited with the discovery, prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method and purified the product by removing the fluosilicates by repeated washings. Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element. 

Hafinia, Latin name for Copenhagen) Many years before its discovery in 1932 (credited to D. Coster and G. von Hevesey), Hafnium was thought to be present in various minerals and concentrations. On the basis of the Bohr theory, the new element was expected to be associated with zirconium. 

Iridium is not attacked by any of the acids nor by aqua regia, but is attacked by molten salts, such as NaCl and NaCN. The specific gravity of iridium is only very slightly lower than osmium, which is generally credited as the heaviest known element. Calculations of the densities of iridium and osmium from the space lattices give values of 22.65 and 22.61 g/cm 3, respectively. These values may be more reliable than actual physical measurements. At present, therefore, we know that either iridium or osmium is the densest known element, but the data do not yet allow selection between the two. 

Europe) In 1890 Boisbaudran obtained basic fractions from samarium-gadolinium concentrates which had spark spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium. These lines subsequently have been shown to belong to europium. The discovery of europium is generally credited to Demarcay, who separated the rare earth in reasonably pure form in 1901. The pure metal was not isolated until recent years. 

Chemistry also contributed in a major way to the development of modern biological sciences through an ever more sophisticated understanding at the molecular level. Long are gone the days when Emil Fischer, who can be credited as having established biochemistry... 

Von Baeyer (Nobel Prize, 1905) should be credited for having recognized in 1902 the saltlike character of the compounds formed. He then suggested a correlation between the appearance of color and salt formation—the so-called halochromy. Gomberg (who had just shortly before discovered the related stable triphenylmethyl radical), as well as Walden, contributed to the evolving understanding of the structure of related cationic dyes such as malachite green. 

I would like to credit especially the fundamental contributions of Ron Gillespie to strong acid (superacid) chemistry and also to recall his generous help while I was still working at the Dow Laboratories in Canada. 1 reestablished contact with him during this time. We first met in the winter of 1956 at University College in London, where he worked with Christopher Ingold. Subsequently, he moved to McMaster... 

Clearly there was no lack of devoted adversaries (perhaps a more proper term than enemies) on both sides of the norbornyl ion controversy. It is to their credit that we today probably know more about the structure of carbocations, such as the norbornyl cation, than about most other chemical species. Their efforts also resulted not only in rigorous studies but also in the development or improvement of many techniques. Although many believe that too much effort was expended... 

The yield here is 80-90%. No, that is not bullshit This method has not been given the proper credit it deserves and sometimes has been dismissed without due process. Does Strike sound defensive You bet Strike has been in the science game for a long time and knows that bitterness, doubt and contempt abound. But that s ok, because those who do not use this method simply get hammered by those who do ... 

The German chemist Otto Wallach (Nobel Prize m chemistry 1910) determined the structures of many terpenes and is credited with setting forth the isoprene rule ter penes are repeating assemblies of isoprene units normally joined head to tail... 

Furfural was first isolated in the eady nineteenth century. Dobereiner is credited with the discovery. He obtained a small amount of a yellow "oil" (too Htde to characterize) as a by-product in the preparation of formic acid (8). Other chemists found that the same "oil" having a charactedstic aroma could be obtained by boiling finely divided vegetable materials such as oats, com, sawdust, bran, etc, with aqueous sulfuric acid or other acids (9,10). The oil was present in the Hquid resulting from condensation of the vapors produced during heating. The empirical formula was determined by Stenhouse... 

The propylene-based process developed by Sohio was able to displace all other commercial production technologies because of its substantial advantage in overall production costs, primarily due to lower raw material costs. Raw material costs less by-product credits account for about 60% of the total acrylonitrile production cost for a world-scale plant. The process has remained economically advantaged over other process technologies since the first commercial plant in 1960 because of the higher acrylonitrile yields resulting from the introduction of improved commercial catalysts. Reported per-pass conversions of propylene to acrylonitrile have increased from about 65% to over 80% (28,68—70). 

Product temperature below space temperature (producing a credit to sensible-heat gain or a heating requirement)... 

Alcohol Production. Studies to assess the costs of alcohol fuels and to compare the costs to those of conventional fuels contain significant uncertainties. In general, the low cost estimates iadicate that methanol produced on a large scale from low cost natural gas could compete with gasoline when oil prices are around 140/L ( 27/bbl). This comparison does not give methanol any credits for environmental or energy diversification benefits. Ethanol does not become competitive until petroleum prices are much higher. 

These cost comparisons do not assign any credit to methanol for environmental improvements or energy security. Energy security benefits could be large if methanol were produced from domestic coal. 

Ethanol. Accurate projections of ethanol costs are much more difficult to make than are those for methanol. Large scale ethanol production would impact upon food costs and have important environmental consequences that are rarely cost-analyzed because of the complexity. Furthermore, for corn, the most likely large-scale feedstock, ethanol costs are strongly influenced by the credit assigned to the protein by-product remaining after the starch has been removed and converted to ethanol. 

Cost estimates of producing ethanol from com have many uncertainties (11). Most estimates fall into the range of 0.26 to 0.40 per Hter ( 1 to 1.50/gal), after taking credits for protein by-products, although some estimates are lower. These estimates do not make ethanol competitive with oil until... 

Simply looking at the feedstock prices or price ratios is iasufficient to accurately identify the most attractive feedstock because the values of all of the co-products and by-products must also be taken iato account. This is usually accompHshed by calculating the cost to produce ethylene with all other coproduct and by-product yields credited against the cost of ethylene. An example of the cost of ethylene is presented ia Table 4. The cash costs of ethylene from various feedstocks are compared for the months of July and November of 1991. Cash costs reflect all plant manufactufing costs except depreciation and are a measure of the out-of-pocket cash costs generated by the operation. 

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