Carbon credits

The process can handle a wide range of materials, including heavy metal contaminated wastes. It is very fast compared to conventional processes and produces an easily handled product that can be used in construction. Waste CO2 can be captured and converted into carbonate to yield carbon credits. Target applications include pre-treatment of waste prior to disposal, recychng and reuse of industrial waste, and remediation of contaminated brownfield sites. 

Barium treatment is generally preferred to purging where salt discharge to the sea is not an option. The barium cost in Table 24.3 allows for carbonate credits. 

If the carbon price on the global "carbon market" settles at 41 per ton/ the value of the global carbon credits market would be over 200 billion, which is more than that of most commodities. It is argued that this trading will drive jobs to countries that do not limit carbon. The more industrialized nations emit more carbon and therefore the cap-and-trade approach would penalize them more. It is for this reason that the opponents of this approach call it "economic disarmament." The EPA in the United States estimated that a 2008 bill on cap-and-trade would have reduced the nation s GDP by about 2%. 

Under the Clean Development Mechanism plan of the UN, 4.8 billion was paid in 2006 to developing countries for reducing their C02 emissions. These credits have been sold to richer nations at an average price of 10.70/ ton. Of the total of 4.8 billion, China received 3 billion, and all of Africa, 0.15 billion. In comparison to the 10.70/ton rate, in the EU market carbon credits are traded at 28/ton. The Dell Company, for example, has bought carbon offsets in Hungary that will be backed by the planting of trees. 

The energy requirement per mole of hydrogen produced (37.8 kJ/mol H2) is somewhat less than for the SR process. Due to a relatively low endothermicity of the process, less than 10% of the heat of methane combustion is needed to drive the process. In addition to hydrogen as a major product, the process produces a very important byproduct clean carbon. The process does not include the WGS reaction and energy-intensive gas separation stages. A preliminary process design for a continuous methane decomposition process and its economics has been developed.7 The techno-economic assessment showed that the cost of hydrogen produced by TD of NG ( 58/1000 m3 H2, with carbon credit), was somewhat lower than that for the SR process ( 67/1000 m3 H2).7... 

Because of the potential magnitude and uncertainty of environmental impacts, proposals to fertilize the ocean to mitigate global warming (or to earn carbon credits) have been controversial (e.g. ASLO, 2001 Chisholm etal., 2001 ... 

First, there are a number of qualitative restrictions on the type of projects that will be eligible in the EU ETS. Credits from sink projects are not eligible, due to concerns about the permanence of sequestered carbon. Credits from hydropower projects are allowed only if they respect the social and environmental criteria established by the World Commission on Dams (WCD). 

Sisal is a xerophyte, grows in wastelands. Conserves soil and earns carbon credits... 

In general terms, polymers obtained from renewable resources can be significantly lower in greenhouse gas emissions and fossil energy use as compared with conventional petrochemical- based polymers. Over the long term, LCA demonstrates that PLA production processes can become both fossil-energy free and a source of carbon credits. ... 

ICF Consulting Ltd, Nigeria Carbon Credit Development for Flare Reduction Projects, Nigeria, June 2006. 

PLA material. The difference that results from this embodied CO2 would be approximately 1.8 kg CO2 equiv per kg PLA. (This estimate is based on a PLA molecular weight (MW) of 83,000. The MW is reported to have a range of 10,0(X)-300,(X)0 g/mol [50-52].) However, one must consider whether it is appropriate to attribute a carbon credit to PLA. If PLA biodegrades, the carbon is eventually released to the atmosphere rather than sequestered. 

Immense scope for earning carbon credits through clean development mechanism scheme... 

The information can be used to calculate the graphs of the LCA for the plant, recycling rate and diversion rate. Carbon credits can be calculated based on the recycling rates. 

AB 32 legislation was passed to reduce emissions of GHGs associated with the burning of fossil fuels. California s law applied a Greenhouse Gas Cap-and-Trade Program for industrial producers allowance cap and a trading mechanism for compliance. California Air Resource Board provided an auction of GHG credits at a value of 14 per ton. The Air Resource Board raised 280 million in the third carbon auction (California Carbon Auction 2013). In California, 400 large industrial polluters are required to cap their emissions. Companies can trade for carbon credits to offset their emissions. 

Carbon tax has been issued in AustraUa for companies and for the pubhc. Carbon credits are traded in California. Carbon credits can be... 

A. Gastli and Y. Charabib. Solar water heating initiative in Oman energy saving and carbon credits. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2011 15 1851-1856. 

Such a waste-to-energy facihty has a return on equity of about three times, and the lower estimate of the business benefit-to-cost ratio is then of order 1.5, assuming a 10% IR. This estimate is made without counting any of the softer societal benefits, increased jobs, future investment, spinoffs, sustainability returns, carbon credits, and global market share, etc., that any such business case would have to be made. 

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