Credit recovery

Dry reduced nickel catalyst protected by fat is the most common catalyst for the hydrogenation of fatty acids. The composition of this type of catalyst is about 25% nickel, 25% inert carrier, and 50% soHd fat. Manufacturers of this catalyst include Calsicat (Mallinckrodt), Harshaw (Engelhard), United Catalysts (Sud Chemie), and Unichema. Other catalysts that stiH have some place in fatty acid hydrogenation are so-called wet reduced nickel catalysts (formate catalysts), Raney nickel catalysts, and precious metal catalysts, primarily palladium on carbon. The spent nickel catalysts are usually sent to a broker who seUs them for recovery of nickel value. Spent palladium catalysts are usually returned to the catalyst suppHer for credit of palladium value. 

Installation of control systems may have a positive economic benefit which will offset a portion of their cost (2). Such benefits include (1) tax deduction provisions, (2) recovery of materials previously emitted, (3) depreciation schedules favoring the owner of the source, and (4) banking or sale of the emission offset credits if the source is in a nonattainment area. 

The important question of comparative value, mentioned earlier in Section 6, now must be considered. The material output of each process per unit of feed is estimated and multiplied by the market price of the material to arrive at a value of product. The output of the methanolysis processes, DMT and EG, are shown as a methanolysis-type product value in Table 16.5. The stoichiometric ratios are adjusted with a presumed 99 % recovery of DMT and 93 % recovery of EG. The output of the hydrolysis processes, TPA and EG, have the stoichiometric ratios adjusted for a presumed 99 % recovery of TPA and 93 % recovery of EG. The glycolysis processes, including methanolysis/BHET hybrid, are valued at 99 % recovery of terephthalic acid, 95 % recovery of ethylene glycol, and a US 0.022/kg esterification credit for making BHET. The EG recovery is higher for glycolysis-type products because of less loss of useful moieties. The three... 

Assumptions Synthesis of phenylpyruvic acid Batch synthesis process for precursors overal yield of 95+% of theoretical to pheny Ihydantoin overall yield of 90+% of theoretical from phenylhydantoin to phenylpyruvic acid recovery and recycle of acetic acid no byproduct crec taken for acetic acid formed from acetic anhydride addition. Conversion of phenylpyruvic acid and aspartic acid. Bioreactor productivity of-18 g PHE/L/h (four columns in parallel) 98% overall conversion no byproduct credit taken for pymvic acid (recovery cost assumed to be of by revenue from sale) 80% recovery of L-PHE downstream of bioreactor. 

Metal recovery credits are based on average lot data with an assumption of no precious metal values (see Figure 2). 

Practical Utilization, Since the potential reserves of 235U are limited, some point will be reached where this power source no longer will be competitive with fossil fuels, synthetic fuels, solar power plants, etc.—unless the development of means for the practical utilization of plutonium can be achieved. An important element of nuclear fuel cost is the credit received from the sale or future utilization of plutonium after its recovery from spent fuel. The plutonium credit is realistic only if the plutonium is used for power production, since, at present, there are few commercial uses envisioned where it would yield a similar economic return. 

Product recovery value. If the product concentrated by the ultrafiltration process can be recovered and reused in the plant, this is likely to be the most important credit. 

Congress has been considering numerous pieces of legislation that pertain to the management of municipal solid waste. Some of these focus particularly on scrap tires. One innovative approach under discussion is a credit system. Manufacturers would only be allowed to produce a new tire if a given number of tires were recycled, processed, and/or burned for energy recovery. 

Raw materials cost By-product credit Throughput cost Annualized reactor capital Annualized recovery capital Total annual cost Unit cost of product... 

Later, cats were smuggled out of Egypt and sold in Europe for prize money. The Europeans were able to save so much grain from rodents that Europe s economic recovery was credited to the cat. In 1484 Pope Innocent the Eighth empowered the Inquisition to burn all... 

Fischer and co-workers undertook a LCA of the 26 organic solvents which they had already assessed in terms of EHS criteria (see above).They used the Eco-solvent software tool (http //www.sust-chem.ethz.ch/tools/ecosolvent/), which on the basis of industrial data considers the birth of the solvent (its petrochemical production) and its death by either a distillation process or treatment in a hazardous waste incineration plant. For both types of end-of-life treatment, environmental credits were granted where appropriate, e.g. solvent recovery and reuse upon distillation. The results of this assessment are shown in Figure 1.2. From an LCA perspective, tetrahydrofuran (THF), butyl acetate, cyclohexanone and 1-propanol are not good solvents. This is primarily due to the environmental... 

If minerals are produced from desalination unit effluents, their recovery can provide some additional credit toward the cost of producing fresh water. 

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