Aluminum naming

Finally, DFT calculations [83] for different alkali coverages also provided an explanation for another unexpected property of alkali adsorption on aluminum, namely that many of the structure develop by island growth, even when no intermixing occurs with the substrate [51]. It was found that depolarisation of the adsorbate dipoles occurs already at quite low coverages, thereby reducing the tendency to form dispersed structures. 

Stoichiometrically there is only one oxide of aluminum, namely, alumina, A1203. However, this simplicity is compensated by the occurrence of various polymorphs, hydrated species, etc., the formation of which depends on the conditions of preparation. There arc two forms of anhydrous A1203, namely, a-Al203 and y-Al203. Various other trivalent metals (Ga, Fe) form oxides... 

Goldschmidt process A process for extracting certain metals from their oxides by reduction with aluminum, named for German chemist Hans Goldschmidt (1861-1923), who discovered it. See thermite. 

Wohler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827, although an impure form was prepared by Oersted two years earlier. In 1807, Davy proposed the name aluminum for the metal, undiscovered at that time, and later agreed to change it to aluminum. Shortly thereafter, the name aluminum was adopted to conform with the "ium" ending of most elements, and this spelling is now in use elsewhere in the world. 

Aluminium was also the accepted spelling in the U.S. until 1925, at which time the American Chemical Society officially decided to use the name aluminum thereafter in their publications. 

Butyne trimerizes in the presence of aluminum chloride to give hexamethyl Dewar-benzene (W. Schafer, 1967). Its irradiation leads not only to aromatization but also to hexa-methylprismane (D.M. Lemal, 1966). Highly substituted prlsmanes may also be obtained from the corresponding benzene derivatives by irradiation with 254 nm light. The rather stable prismane itself was synthesized via another hydrocarbon, namely benzvalene, a labile molecule (T. J. Katz, 1971, 1972). 

Chemical Reduction. Reduction of galHum by aluminum has been developed in the former Soviet Union. This method is in operation (ca 1994). The Bayer Hquor is contacted using a gallium—aluminum alloy named GaHam, and the galHum is deposited. 

Etacelasil. 2-Chloroethyl-tris (2-methoxy-ethoxy)-silane [37894 6-5] (Etacelasd, Alsol) (27) is made by the reaction of three moles of 2-methoxyethanol with one mole of Cl2SiCH2Cl. The name Alsol should not be confused with aluminum acetotartrate, also known as Alsol. Etacelasil is... 

Low Expansion Alloys. Binary Fe—Ni alloys as well as several alloys of the type Fe—Ni—X, where X = Cr or Co, are utilized for their low thermal expansion coefficients over a limited temperature range. Other elements also may be added to provide altered mechanical or physical properties. Common trade names include Invar (64%Fe—36%Ni), F.linvar (52%Fe—36%Ni—12%Cr) and super Invar (63%Fe—32%Ni—5%Co). These alloys, which have many commercial appHcations, are typically used at low (25—500°C) temperatures. Exceptions are automotive pistons and components of gas turbines. These alloys are useful to about 650°C while retaining low coefficients of thermal expansion. Alloys 903, 907, and 909, based on 42%Fe—38%Ni—13%Co and having varying amounts of niobium, titanium, and aluminum, are examples of such alloys (2). 

Aluminum. All primary aluminum as of 1995 is produced by molten salt electrolysis, which requires a feed of high purity alumina to the reduction cell. The Bayer process is a chemical purification of the bauxite ore by selective leaching of aluminum according to equation 35. Other oxide constituents of the ore, namely siUca, iron oxide, and titanium oxide remain in the residue, known as red mud. No solution purification is required and pure aluminum hydroxide is obtained by precipitation after reversing reaction 35 through a change in temperature or hydroxide concentration the precipitate is calcined to yield pure alumina. 

Sodium ethoxide was the first metal alkoxide described in 1837 (1). The alkoxides of many transition metals were developed after World War II (2—5). Today some alkoxides, including those of sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, zirconium, and titanium, are commercially important. The name metal alkoxides is preferred, although metal alcoholates is also used. 

Aluminum chloride hydroxide [1327-41 -9] [10284-64-7], AlQ(OH)2 [14215-15-7], AlQ2(OH), products, commonly known as polyaluminum chlorides (PAG), are used for a wide variety of industrial appHcations. Other names for PAG are basic aluminum chloride, polybasic aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxychloride, aluminum oxychloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate. The presence of polymeric, aluminum-containing cations, the distribution of which can differ gready, typifies PAG products. Although the formation of polynuclear aluminum species in solution has been studied for over a century, there is stiU much controversy concerning aluminum polymerization reactions and the resulting product compositions. 

The terms FD C, D C, and External D C (Ext. D C), which are part of the name of colorants, reflect the FDA s colorant certification. FD C dyes may be used for foods, dmgs, and cosmetics D C dyes are allowed in dmgs and cosmetics and Ext. D C dyes are permitted only in topical products. Straight colorants include both the organic dyes and corresponding lakes, made by extending the colorant on a substrate such as aluminum hydroxide or barium sulfate. The pure dye content of these lakes varies from 2 to 80% the organic dyes contain over 80% pure dye. Colorants certified for cosmetic use may not contain more than 0.002% of lead, not more than 0.0002% of arsenic, and not more than 0.003% of heavy metals other than lead and arsenic. 

Mordant dyes have hydroxy groups in their molecular stmcture that are capable of forming complexes with metals. Although a variety of metals such as iron, copper, aluminum, and cobalt have been used, chromium is most preferable as a mordant. Alizarin or Cl Mordant Red 11 [72 8-0] (1) (Cl 58000), the principal component of the natural dye obtained from madder root, is the most typical mordant dye (see Dyes, natural). The aluminum mordant of alizarin is a well-known dye by the name of Turkey Red and was used to dye cotton and wool with excellent fastness. However, as is the case with many other mordant dyes, it gave way to the vat or the azoic dyes, which are applied by much simpler dyeing procedures. 

Carmine [1390-65-4] is the trade name for the aluminum lake of the red anthraquinone dye carminic acid obtained from the cochineal bug. The dye is obtained from the powdery form of cochineal by extraction with hot water, the extracts treated with aluminum salts, and the dye precipitated from the solution by the addition of ethanol. This water-soluble bright red dye is used for coloring shrimp, pork sausages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. It is the only animal-derived dye approved as a colorant for foods and other products. 

Only one of these methods, namely the reaction of halides with lithium aluminum deuteride, is a true displacement reaction, following the same course as the previously discussed displacement of sulfonate esters (section Vl-A). Thus, lithium aluminum deuteride treatment of 7a- and 7jS-bromo-3 -benzoyloxy-5a-cholestanes (195) and (196) gives the corresponding deuterium labeled cholestanols (197) and (198) respectively." ... 

Phenol-, phenol, phenol-, phenolic (in com-bination with the name of a metal) phenoxide (or phenolate) of, as Phenolaluminium, aluminum phenoxide, aluminum phenolate, phenolartig, a. of the nature of or like a phenol, phenoloid. 

Chemical Name 3-(acetyloxy)-11-oxoolean-l2-en-29-oic acid aluminum salt Common Name —... 

Chemical Name 3-pyridinecarboxylic acid aluminum salt Common Name Tris(nicotinato)aluminum Structural Formula ... 

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