Credit identification

Instant photographs are widely used for identification purposes, for example, for drivers Hcenses, student identification cards, and credit cards that can be issued immediately. Most passport photographs generated in the United States are instant color prints. Industrial and business appHcations include photographs of record for insurance purposes, constmction documentation, and real estate photography. 

No one person is given credit for the discovery or identification of irons minerals/ores or the technologies involved in the sophisticated metallurgical processes used today. Many people have contributed to the understanding of the chemistry and how to make practical use of this important element. Modern civilization, with its many skyscrapers, large ships, trains, cars, and so forth, would not be possible without the knowledge and uses of the many iron and steel products manufactured today. 

To understand the need for standards, the easiest method is to envision a world without them. In that world, riders change trains at every national border or even city border because different railroad track widths require different railroad cars and engines. Crossing the border is difficult if you are not from one of the two countries because there is not standard format for identification. Manufacturers make dozens or hundreds of versions of each product because of different electrical or mechanical requirements and must charge for the differences and for huge inventories. Credit cards can only be used for a single chain of stores and banks charge a lot of money to process them. And there is no telephone service across borders. The Internet is both... 

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), draper of Delft in Holland, ground his own lenses and made simple microscopes that gave magnifications of x200. On October 9. 1676, he sent a 17 / -page letter to the Royal Society of London, in which he described animalcules in various water samples. These small organisms included what are today known as protozoans and bacteria thus Leeuwenhoek is credited with the first observation of bacteria. Later work of his included the identification of spermatozoa and red blood cells from many species. 

The two groups who claim to have synthesized elements 104 and 105 gave them both a name. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry therefore suggested a system of surrogate names for these elements until definite identification could be credited this assigned each element a name based on its atomic number, using the code 0 = nil, 1 = un, 2 = bi, 3 = tri, 4 = quad, 5 = pent, 6 = hex, 7 = sept, 8 = oct, and 9 = enn. Thus element 104 is unnilquadium. 

Personal identification, cash (including change) or traveler s checks, and a credit card... 

Numeration systems are used to identify people and property, because they preserve confidentiality, increase security, and minimize errors caused when there are many people with the same name or many identical objects in the same production run in a factory assembly line. There are thousands of people named John Jones, and even if John Jones uses his middle initial, he can still be confused with another John Jones with the same initial. Thus numeration systems are developed for credit cards, social security cards, bank accounts, serial numbers for products, and other reasons. These identification numbers might be very long to defeat a criminal who is randomly guessing at numbers in order to steal from someone s bank account or credit card account. 

Starting in the late eighteenth century, a number of new elements were discovered, but a brief note about the process is necessary. Klaproth and other chemists often did not isolate the pure element but rather an oxide form. Most of the characteristics of the actual element could be determined from tests on the oxide compound, and in general the credit for the discovery of the element has been given to the scientist who first demonstrated its existence, rather than the one who isolated the pure form. That means that, in a number of cases, there are two dates for the discovery of an element. The first represents the identification of a unique element, whose characteristics can be determined from the oxide form, and the second is the date of isolation, when the pure element was created. Thus, Klaproth identified zirconium in 1789, but it was not isolated until 1824. Also, because of the complexity of the tests and the very close range of characteristics, a number of rare-earth elements were discovered and then later proven to be compounds or previously identified. See Appendix Two for the history of the individual elements. 

Identification numbers are used to identify individual items, specific products, people, accounts, or documents. Social security numbers, driver s license numbers, credit card numbers. International Standard Book Numbers (ISBNs). Universal Product Codes (UPCs). and bank account numbers are all examples of identification numbers. In addition, numbers are used to identify passports. United States (US) Post Office money orders, UPS packages, library books, merchandise, and many other items. 

Every day. identification numbers are presented over the telephone, recorded onto doc uments. typed or scanned into computers, sent via the Internet, or transmitted in some other fashion. Each time this happens, there is a chance that one or more digits in the number will change or be rearranged as they move from one location to the other. For example, the UPC 0-53600-10054-0 on a product could be scanned into a computer as 0-53600 10059 0 or 0 53600 100 0. In either case, an error in the number has occurred, in addition, less than honest individuals sometimes attempt to forge identification numbers (e.g., credit card numbers) for personal profit. 

Given that identification numbers provide a convenient way to transmit information easily and accurately, they are recorded onto documents, typed or scanned into computers, sent via the Internet, or transmitted in some other fashion millions of times a day. Banks routinely transfer money electronically by using routing and account numbers, and consumers frequently complete sales with credit card numbers. Since these types of transactions occur so frequently, errors are bound to happen. For example, the number 12345 could be transmitted and incorrectly recorded as 12346 or as 123M. A bank would not want to transfer money into the wrong bank account, and consumers and retailers do not want charges billed to the wrong credit card account. 

B), and (C), respectively for minor, intermediate and severe LOC. In the present approach, credit factors should not be intended as failure frequencies of the equipment items, but only as factors summarizing the past performance of similar equipment items. These factors were introduced to allow the identification of worst credible scenarios in the analysis. 

A wide variety of cards, cardstock, and card products are manufactured using materials with petrochemical origin. Examples of such cards include credit cards, debit cards, loyalty cards, gift cards, telephone cards, prepaid purchase cards, ceUular communications cards, membership cards, student cards, identification cards and transit cards. These cards contain conventionally PVC, poly(styr-ene) (PS), etc (5). 

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