Reasonable doubt

Although the present Good Workmanship approach actually gives conventional NDT methods the credit they deserve (their capabilities are well-used), there should nevertheless be a certainty beyond reasonable doubt that an accepted weld is fit for service. Many years of industrial experience have demonstrated that this certainty statistically exists. We are not doing things totally wrong. 

Given a series of tests with the new material, the average yield x would be compared with Po. If x < Po, the new supplier would be dismissed. If X > Po, the question would be Is it sufficiently greater in the light of its corresponding reliability, i.e., beyond a reasonable doubt If the confidence intei v for p included Po, the answer would be no, but if it did not include Po, the answer would be yes. In this simple apphcation, the formal test of hypothesis would result in the same conclusion as that derived from the confidence intei val. However, the utility of tests of hypothesis lies in their generality, whereas confidence intei vals are restricted to a few special cases. 

Since the sample z < cv(z), accept the null hypothesis for lack of contrary evidence i.e., an improvement has not been demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt. 

At least in principle, comparison of DNA fingerprints can determine the guilt or innocence of a suspect beyond a reasonable doubt. 

In general Figures 6.18 to 6.25, and in particular figures 6.18, 6.19, 6.20, 6.24 and 6.25 show, beyond any reasonable doubt, that the effective double layer model of promotion, expressed mathematically by Equations 6.65 and 6.66, grasps the essence of promotional kinetics. 

Our understanding of anaphylaxis has advanced substantially since the original description of this phenomenon in the scientific literature over 100 years ago. There is now little reasonable doubt that the IgE-dependent activation of mast cells and basophils is the key event underlying most examples of allergen-induced anaphylaxis in humans [3-5]. IgE binds to the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcsRI, expressed on the... 

Every time a chemist prepares a new compound (one that has never been reported in the scientific literature), its chemical formula must be established beyond reasonable doubt. Usually, the molecule is analyzed by several methods, and each technique reveals information about the compound s identity. 

Baxley, R.C. Voluntary intoxication from phencyclidine Will it raise a reasonable doubt of the mental capacity of a person charged with a crime requiring specific intent or mental state il Psychedelic Drugs 12 (3-4) 330-335, 1980. 

Other Notes. The use of cf. before a reference usually indicates some inconsistent or mildly relevant information therein. A query mark ( ) indicates some reasonable doubt associated with a datum or reference. A dash (—) in the data column indicates that no new physical data were obtained from original references covered for this supplement. 

If reasonable doubt exists as to effectiveness or safety when proposed directions and precautions are followed, preparations should be handled only on an experimental basis. Shipments for experimental use only are exempt from the penalties of the law if used under the supervision of any federal or state agency authorized by law to conduct research in the field of economic poisons, or by others if a permit has been obtained from the department before shipment. 

It is not clear whether the compound is a free base, a salt or a partial salt. What would you need to do to be confident beyond reasonable doubt that you could positively identify the compound ... 

At first Hebert believed that international law was broad enough to cover the defendants aggressive crimes. Then he came to feel that probably at this stage in international law, an extraordinary standard of proof should be exacted, and a "most liberal application of the rule of reasonable doubt in favor of the defendants" ... 

All the varied biochemical and clinical features of galactosemia are, beyond any reasonable doubt, caused by the absence of this one enzyme, galactose-l-phosphate uridyl transferase. Yet it is not possible, at present, to identify all the steps by which the different effects are brought about. 

It has now been established beyond any reasonable doubt that quality of a drug product cannot simply be ensured by inspection or analysis, but a control system has to be built into, from the very beginning of manufacture of a drug. Besides effective quality control measures exercised in every aspects of production including environment, screening of raw materials, process controls, intermediate shelf-life of finished products the most important aspect is to assess the bioavailability of the active principle. 

It has been established beyond any reasonable doubt that the absorption and the emission of energy in the electromagnetic spectrum take place in distinct separate pockets or photons. The relationship... 

From actual experimental results it has been established beyond any reasonable doubt that the mixtures of two or three solvents of different polarity mostly offer distinct and much improved separation as compared to chemically homogeneous solvents. Table 28.2 records the elutropic series of one and two component solvents. 

Importantly, the pioneer work or Oliver and coworkers (1968) and followed by valuable and meaningful contributions by Landon and Moffat (1976) proved beyond any reasonable doubt the efficacy of RIA in the quantification of a host of pharmaceutical substances. 

Sampling records for any procedure must be complete and should include, but is not restricted to, items relating to the origin of the sample, methods of storage, analytical tests performed, the test methods used, and the analyst(s) who performed the test methods (Table 6.1). In summary, there must be a means to identify the sample history as carefully as possible so that each sample is tracked and defined in terms of source and activity. Thus, the accuracy of the data from any subsequent procedures and tests for which the sample is used will be placed beyond a reasonable doubt. 

It is unnecessary to delve into hypothesis testing strategies further to discern the role of values in the choice of decision rules. The following are immediately noteworthy. First, whether one observes analytical chemistry, an old and well established discipline, or chemical oncology, a relatively recent one, the observer is struck by the fact that making odds is an indispensable step of the process of converting data to information. This fact alone establishes beyond reasonable doubt that science is no less subjective than other rational human endeavors. 

In 1746, a Scottish naval surgeon named James Lind carried out a carefully controlled study of the effect of diet on scurvy and demonstrated, beyond reasonable doubt, that oranges and lemons would cure (or prevent) scurvy. However, it was not until 1795, about three hundred years since it was known that citrus fruit would cure scurvy and about 50 years after Lind s definitive work, that the British Royal Navy insisted that sailors receive a daily dose of a citrus fruit. Opinion and prejudice outweighed scientific evidence to the detriment of many for far too long. 

It is now a decade since evidence was first presented that the modification (acetylation) of particular residues on the histone tails was functionally significant [13,14]. Since then, it has been established beyond all reasonable doubt that specific modifications and combinations thereof, mediate protein-protein interactions crucial for the long-term and short-term regulation of transcriptional activity. Some of these interactions involve the modifying enzymes themselves, and recent data shows how particular histone tail modifications can interact, both to put in place defined patterns of modification and to control their recognition. Examples are presented in Table 1. But do these findings support the existence of a histone code ... 

Incident reports will often include information that may be sensitive or controversial. The report should include relevant information even if it is not yet completely understood. If there is a reasonable doubt as to the certainty of an event sequence, this information should be addressed in the report. 

Batey, Robert. Techniques of Strict Construction The Supreme Court and the Gun Control Act of 96%. American Journal of Criminal Law, vol. 13, Winter 1986, n.p. Discusses Supreme Court cases involving the Gun Control Act of 1968, pointing out ways that a case for reasonable doubt can be construed from the language, intent, or history of the law. 

It is thus understandable why some earlier authors previously doubted the efficacy of antidepressants in general (Weiner et al.. 1980) or the advantages of newer antidepressants compared with classical products (Song et al., 1993). However, the great majority of doctors and scientific authors consider that the efficacy of first-generation antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline, nortriptyline) has been proved beyond any reasonable doubt, and that efficacy also has been demonstrated for newer products such as trazodone, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake... 

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