Cost analyses

In order to forecast a production cost for thin Pd-based membranes, it is important to introduce the concept of economics of learning in understanding the behaviour of all added costs of membranes as cumulative production volume increased. Such economics of learning or law of the experience may be expressed as follow  

an experience curve can be constructed by using the data available, which are limited, for the Pd-based or ceramic membrane, to minimal surface (less than 1 m ). Another issue associated with drawing an experience curve is that cost and production data must be related to a standard product , which is not the case due to the fact that in the membrane technology no standard has yet emerged. 

Obviously, the experience curve is characterized by a progressively declining gradient. The size of the experienee effect is measured by the proportion by which costs are reduced with subsequent doublings of aggregate production. For Pd-based membranes, it is foreseen a eost of 8900 euros per for a cumulative production of 1000 m, while the eost would be redueed to 900 euros per m if the cumulative production is risen to 10 000 OOOm worldwide. This final value fit well with the cost reported by ECN.  

the main question is how to reach cumulative production of millions of square meters of Pd-based membrane in a few years. The R D efforts on membrane cost reduction, on the reliability of thin film fabrication methods and on the benefits demonstration of selective membrane application in chemical processes would push the introduction of such a new technology in the market. 

Plastic materials are quite effective in controlling corrosion in industrial processing and storage. In a variety of applications, plastics are the only acceptable choice for process surfaces because of their chemical inertness. In each case, plastics must be qualified by testing to insure adequate corrosion protection and compliance with ever more stringent environmental and safety regulations. 

T q)ically, cost analysis should be done on the basis of installed cost plus operating cost considering the useful service life of the equipment. It is also possible to base the selection solely on the initial cost of the equipment which consists of equipment and installation costs. A more accurate basis would consider the cost of the equipment over its useful life. This calculation is based on some discounted cash flow considerations and depreciation of the cost overthe life ofthe equipment. Tables 12.1-12.3 compare the costs of piping, vessels, and lining systems for different material selections. The reader should consult these tables to compare the initial equipment cost. 

The overall cost analysis requires an understanding of the overall economics of various options including parts lined with fluoropol5miers. A review of this subject is outside the scope of the present book. There are, however, a number of excellent references that could be consulted to learn more about cost analysis and decision making processes.rikril 

Nucrel (polyethylene-based copolymer with methacrylic acid) 12-16 mils 6-8 4-6 

Refractory brick (super duty brick backed with 1 9 inches 60-80 NA 

It is generally believed that because the price of packing materials is much lower than that of polymer resins if calculated based on qualities, the price of composite materials filled with 

Of course, it is another matter if the purpose of using packing material in injection or molding products is not only to reduce the cost of raw materials but also to achieve other aspects. 

Although the price of inorganic whiskers is lower than in the past, it is still higher than that of other inorganic mineral packing. The price of relatively cheap calcium sulfate whiskers and calcium carbonate whiskers is hundreds of US dollars per tonne, but the price of calcium carbonate is tens of US dollars per tonne. Thus it can be seen that high cost hampers the 

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Life cycle cost analysis is the proper tool for evaluation of alternative systems (11,12). The total cost of a system, including energy cost, maintenance cost, interest, cash flow, equipment replacement and/or salvage value, taxes, inflation, and energy cost escalation, can be estimated over the useflE life of each alternative system. A Hst of life cycle cost items which may be considered for each system is presented in Tables 3 and 4. Reference 14 presents a cash flow analysis which also includes factors such as energy cost escalation. 

Table 3. Benefit—Cost Analysis of Commonly Used Vaccines ...

Casting is used foi kiegulai external and internal shapes that are impractical, impossible, or too cosdy to produce using other methods. The choice of an aEoy for any casting usuaEy depends on four factors metal cost, castabEity, properties, and final cost. A cost analysis determines the most economical method of producing a casting, although frequently the choice can be based on experience. 

Traditional cost analysis often fails to include factors relevant to future damage claims resulting from htigation, the depletion of nat-... 

Foley, M. and Bernardon, E. 1990 Thenuoplastic Composite Manufacturing Cost Analysis for the Design of Cost-Effective Automated Systems. SAMPE Journal, 26(4), Cl-IA. 

Calculate the annual operating costs for the existing process that needs waste treatment, and estimate how these costs would be altered by the introduction of waste-reduction options. Tabulate and compare the process and waste-treatment operating costs for both the existing and proposed waste-management options. If there are any monetary benefits (such as recycled or reused materials or wastes), then these should be subtracted from the total process or waste-treatment costs as appropriate. The expanded cost-analysis scheme discussed in Chapter 8 is appropriate to include at this point in the process. 

Although we did not discuss this, you should be able to readily identify commercial adsorbents that can compete with activated carbon in water treatment applications. What are they, what are their properties, and how do unit costs compare In performing the cost analysis, take into consideration the volumes of adsorbents needed to achieve comparable degrees of water treatment. To do this, you should develop a base case scenario. 

Proximate analysis - a relatively low-cost analysis in which moisture content, volatile combustible matter, fixed carbon, and ash are determined. The fuel value of the sludge is calculated as the weighted average of the fuel values of its individual components. 

Take the results for questions 4 and 5 and do a comparative cost analysis. First go the the Web and find suitable equipment suppliers that will provide the equipment in the size ranges you have calculated. Obtain some vendor quotes (rough ones will do). Then perform the fowllowing analysis (a) What are the comparative costs between the two oprions for energy use (b) What are the comparative costs between the two options in terms of maintanance and labor costs (c) Can you combine both equipment options into a single process, and if so, can you justify this and how Assume in the above that the reduction in solids concentration must meet the 1 % weirht criteria described in question 4. 

Life-cycle analysis (LCA) does not account for economic aspects, and such analysis should therefore be considered together with a life-cycle cost analysis (LCC), which takes into account the costs of investment, energy, maintenance, and dumping the final waste product throughout the lifetime of a plant. 

The economic factors must be considered in every application. It is important to find a technique that will meet both the technical and economical requirements. In short, pollution control costs depend on the system characteristics and the application. Some cost equations that generalize the economics of the managing systems are available in the literature. Most of these equations give rough estimates and have an accuracy of only about 30% to 50%. For a comprehensive cost comparison of different units, a detailed cost analysis based on the equipment tender proposals and the special characteristics of the project is necessary. 

Life-cycle cost analysis. Energy-efficient buildings are typically designed to be cheaper, on a life-cycle basis, than wasteful buildings. 

Capital investment decisions are best made within the context of a life-cycle cost analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis focuses on the costs incurred over the life of the investment, assuming only candidate investments are considered that meet minimally acceptable performance standards in terms of the non-inonetary impacts of the investment. Using life-cycle analysis, the capital investment decision takes into account not just the initial acquisition or purchase cost, but maintenance, energy use, the expected life of the investment, and the opportunity cost of capital. When revenue considerations are prominent, an alternative method of analysis such as net benefit or net present value may be preferred. 

For the hybrid car, 429—(20,000 miles per year / 70 miles per gallon) x ( 1.50 per gallon)— will be spent each year on gasoline. A similar calculation to that for the conventional car reveals that LCC (hybrid) = 22,309. The life-cycle cost analysis indicates that from an economic point of view, the conventional car is the better purchase. 

Sensitivity of life-cycle cost analysis to gasoline prices. 

Cycles of concentration Blowdown/purge rate Power cost analysis Drift loss requirement Local authority requirements Discharge qualities Stmctural specifications Pack specifications... 

It should be noted that this example is general, and indicates the type and method of cost analysis which should be made before the selection of an air-conditioning system for any building. 

TCM uses an approach to cost estimating in which each of the elements that contribute to the total cost is estimated individually. These individual estimates are derived from basic principles and the manufacturing process. This reduces the complex problem of cost analysis to a series of simpler estimating problems and brings processing expertise rather than intuition to bear on solving these problems. 

To demonstrate the use of such a comparative cost analysis, the production of a panel was analyzed according to different processes (Fig. 9-6). In these case studies the following conditions existed (1) the panels measured 61 x 91 cm (24 x 36 in.) with the wall thickness dictated by the process and part requirements so that the weights of the panels differed (2) production was at a level of 40,000/yr. (3) the plastics for all panels were of the same type, except that different grades had to be used, based on the process requirements, so that costs changed (4) each panel received one coat of paint, except that the structural foam also had a primer coating and (5) costs were allocated as needed to those processes that required trimming and other secondary operations. 

Throughout this book reviews have been made on products that literally are used in many different markets. This action fits the usual statement that this is the World of Plastics Important with all the cost analysis is that profits have to be included. Influencing factors that involve profits are summarized in Figs. 9-10 to 9-13. The life-history curve, Fig. 9-11, shows the basic format of a typical product cycle for an infinite number of products. It is also called a bathtub curve. 

Other preparations and isolations. If damp methylenedi(nitroformamide) is allowed to stand for several days, the odor of formic acid is noticed, and MEDINA can be isolated from the residue (Ref 11, p 14). The details of scale-up to 150 lb batches, including exp details and flow sheets, and further scale-up with the aim of prodn of 1000 lbs are given. The report describes a fume-off and fire which occurred during the S3rd run. The cause was attributed to a stuck valve which allowed nitric acid to build up in the reactor (Ref 13, p 57). In Ref 16, p 73 there are cost analysis data for pilot plant and large scale prodn, flow sheet for a proposed coml plant, and material balances. The action of acet anhydr on N,Nf-bis(hydroxy-methyl)MEDlNA regenerates MEDINA (Ref 6) the diNa salt of N. N trinitrotrimethylene-diamine, on warming with me ale, ppts the Na salt of MEDINA... 

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