Waste treatment costs

The whole problem is best dealt with by not making the waste in the first place, i.e., waste minimization. If waste can be minimized at the source, this brings the dual benefit of reducing waste treatment costs and reducing raw materials costs. 

In many cases, it is appropriate to compare the waste treatment costs under existing conditions with those associated with the waste-reduction option. The size of a treatment plant and the treatment processes required may be altered significantly by the implementation of waste-reduction options. This should be considered in an economic evaluation. 

Calculate the annual operating costs for the existing process that needs waste treatment, and estimate how these costs would be altered by the introduction of waste-reduction options. Tabulate and compare the process and waste-treatment operating costs for both the existing and proposed waste-management options. If there are any monetary benefits (such as recycled or reused materials or wastes), then these should be subtracted from the total process or waste-treatment costs as appropriate. The expanded cost-analysis scheme discussed in Chapter 8 is appropriate to include at this point in the process. 

Medium recycling is required to save water, save unused nutrients, and save cm waste treatment costs (spent medium contains unused organic nutrients and so would otherwise have to be treated to reduce BOD). 

Water use is identical in the operation scale and in the literature procedure. If the yield was increased in the hterature protocol simply by applying an extraction procedure, which is not intended in the current recipe, the amount of water needed (always related to one kilogram of product) would be less than in the operational process. Therefore, the currently generated sewage quantity in operation scale appears to be higher than necessary. Since the reduction of waste-treatment costs and the improvement of the environmental performance are... 

Pollution Control Pervaporation is used to reduce the organic loading of a waste stream, thus effecting product recovery and a reduction in waste-treatment costs. An illustration is a waste stream containing II percent (wt) n-propanol. The residue is stripped to 0.5 percent and 96 percent of the alcohol is recovered in the permeate as a 45 percent solution. This application uses a hydrophobic, rubbery membrane. The residue is sent to a conventional waste-treatment plant. 

Waste treatment costs are those involved with disposing of by-products or off-grade products when these tasks are performed by facilities not directly connected with the plant. These costs are negotiated and vary widely. Sometimes long-term contracts with a guaranteed minimum are demanded. This is especially true if the contractor must build new facilities or expand his present operations in order to process the waste material. Some costs are given in Chapter 16. 

In 1995, the vendor estimated that the waste treatment costs would range from 75 to 500/ft. Well/wellscreen length and subsurface lithology at a site signihcantly affect instaUation costs. This estimate may not include all indirect costs (D10159X, p. 8). Most horizontal wells are installed at private industry sites, so performance information and cost data are not commonly... 

In a 1995 estimate published in the VI ITT database, total MRRP costs for waste treatment ranged from 650 to 1000 per ton. The primary factors impacting treatment costs were the quantity of the waste and the moisture content of the waste. Treatment costs were also impacted by utility and labor costs. Other factors that have an effect on treatment costs include (in decreasing order of importance) site preparation and pretreatment costs, characteristics of the soil and residual wastes, costs associated with removal of debris from the soil, and the initial and target contaminant concentrations (D102852, p. 34). 

Alkaline zinc Good throwing power no special equipment required lower waste treatment costs Reduced ductility over. 5 mil thickness does not plate well over cast iron and heat-treated steel tighter chemical control required... 

The reactor is the nucleus of the process. Getting the fluid dynamics right in the reactor means improved safety, productivity, and selectivity, which in turn influences upstream (reduced raw material costs) and downstream (reduced separation and waste treatment costs) see Figure 1. 

Meanwhile, the second technique, process analysis, is based on the assumption that most processes contain (1) valuable compounds and molecules that result in a saleable product (i.e., products, intermediates to make the products, and raw materials to make the intermediates/products) and (2) other compounds that add to the cost of manufacturing, which includes waste treatment costs. 

Reduced waste-treatment costs. As discussed in reason no. 5 of the dirty dozen, the increasing costs of traditional end-of-pipe waste-management practices are avoided or reduced through the implementation of pollution-prevention programs. 

A variant envisages the use of aqueous methanol for both the extraction of hydrogen peroxide and the epoxidation of propene as shown, in a simplified form, by Figure 18.3. Thus, no extra water is added to the epoxidation reactor, which decreases separation and waste-treatment costs. On the laboratory scale, the quantity of methanol dissolving into the working solution is small and apparently does not interfere with the AO cycle of reactions [154, 161]. 

Evidently, the total incineration cost is much lower than the feedstock recycling cost. The average waste treatment cost in Japan attained 50 Yen/kg or higher in 2001 [4], The old incineration plant and landfill site, of course, contribute significantly to the lower cost. The total incineration cost in Sendai is lower than the average cost in Japan. Sendai city, however, has started a new incineration plant, 600 1/d in capacity which should elevate incineration cost at least 50% over the present one. 

Changing waste treatment and discharge costs As a result of tightening legislation and discharge standards, waste treatment cost is continuously increasing. 

Ciric. A. R.. and Jia, T., Economic Sensitivity Analysis of Waste Treatment Costs in Source Reduction Projects Continuous Optimization Problems. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati. OH, 1992. 

The paint savings alone typically pay for the UF unit is less than six months. Additional savings result from reduced deionized water use, lowered waste treatment costs, and better control of bath composition. 

Feedstock Price/Availability Energy Costs Feedstock Price/Availability Energy costs Regulatory compliance costs Waste disposal costs Waste treatment costs Liability costs Green marketing Consumer backlash... 

What waste treatment costs will be incurred. 

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