Brain region

Two CCK receptor subtypes, CCK and CCKg are known. A related receptor, the gastrin receptor, has also been described. CCK receptors predominate in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas and are also localized in discrete brain regions. CCKg receptors predominate in the brain. A 71623... 

The area postrema is a circumventricular brain region positioned on the dorsal surface of the medulla on the floor of the fourth ventricle. The blood-brain barrier and the cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier are absent in this region and consequently many substances that do not pass across capillaries in other regions of the brain can do so in the area postrema. The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), located in the lateral area postrema is sensitive to blood-borne emetogens. Nerves from the CTZ connect with the vomiting centre. 

The other important molecular target of ethanol is the N-methyl-D-apartate receptor (NMDA-R), which is acutely inhibited although the mechanism is not clear. It was speculated that at least in some brain region the coactivating glycine sites are involved and/or the coactivating polyamine sites. The receptors containing... 

Brain imaging technique that allows visualization of the brain, in order to understand which brain regions are involved in specific functions. Its functioning is based on the measurement of the regional cerebral blood flow which increases when a specific brain region is activated. Its use is similar to that of positron emission tomography (PET). 

EAAC1/EAAT3 Neurons in many brain regions 25-50 Limits glutamatergic signaling... 

DAT is predominantly expressed by dopaminergic brain neurons, NET by noradrenergic neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system, and SERT is restricted to the axons of serotonergic neurons, which originate in the raphe nuclei and innervate numerous higher brain regions therefore SERT is widely distributed in the brain. Outside the brain, 5HT transport can be measured on non-neuronal cells (e.g. platelets, lympho-blastoid cells and smooth muscle cells) most of the 5HT appearing in the circulation is taken up by platelets. 

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are putative neurotransmitters are found in those dopaminergic brain regions. Stimulants seem to alter CART mRNA and peptide levels [2]. 

The characteristic behavioral effects of acute and chronic psychomotor stimulant diugs are locomotor activation, stereotypy, and conditioned reward and stimulus-reward learning. The most important brain regions involved in these effects are summarized in Table 3. 

Psychostimulants. Table 3 Acute effects of psychostimulants and the brain regions that are mainly involved in these effects... 

Acute effects Mainly involved brain region... 

P2Y14 Placenta, adipose tissue, stomach, intestine, discrete brain regions UDP glucose = UDP-galactose Gq/Gu... 

Other brain regions Effects on cognitive, locomotor, sensory and autonomic functions, analgesic effects... 

The proportion of a- and P-mbulin isoforms varies in neurons in different brain regions, and a single neuron may express a number of different tubulin isoforms. The multitubulin hypothesis suggests that microtubules composed of different mbulin isoforms have different functional roles (Sullivan, 1988). 

The pharmacodynamic effects of ethanol are complex, and any attempt to link its actions to specific neurotransmitters or isolated brain regions is simplistic. A complicated neural network involved in the actions of ethanol accounts for its reinforcing, intoxicating, and abstinence effects. At the present time, use of medications that target neurotransmitters and neuromodulators affected by ethanol represents a reasonable strategy for the development of pharmacotherapies that reduce the reinforcing effects of alcohol and the craving and withdrawal symptoms that commonly occur in the context of alcohol dependence. 

Ryabinin AE, Criado JR, Henriksen SJ, et al Differential sensitivity of c-Fos expression in hippocampus and other brain regions to moderate and low doses of alcohol. Mol Psychiatry 2 32 3, 1997... 

Positron emission tomography studies using "C-toluene in nonhuman primates and mice showed a rapid uptake of radioactivity into striatal and frontal brain regions (Gerasimov et al. 2002). Maximal uptake of the radiotracer by these structures occurred 1 minutes after intravenous administration. Subsequently, clearance of the radiotracer from the striatal and frontal areas occurred rapidly, with a clearance half-life from peak uptake of 10—20 minutes. Radiotracer clearance from white matter appears to be slower... 

Kumar MVS, Desiraju T. 1992. Effect of chronic consumption of methyl parathion on rat brain regional acetylcholinesterase activity and on levels of biogenic amines. Toxicology 75 13-20. 

Chang J, Jozwiak R, Wang B, Ng T, Ge YC, Bolton W, Dwyer DE, Randle C, Osborn R, Cunningham AL, Saksena NK (1998) Unique HIV type 1 V3 region sequences derived from six different regions of brain region-specific evolution within host-determined quasispecies. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 14(l) 25-30... 

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