Pesticide properties

An extensive pesticide properties database was compiled, which includes six physical properties, ie, solubiUty, half-life, soil sorption, vapor pressure, acid pR and base pR for about 240 compounds (4). Because not all of the properties have been measured for all pesticides, some values had to be estimated. By early 1995, the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) had developed a computerized pesticide property database containing 17 physical properties for 330 pesticide compounds. The primary user of these data has been the USDA s Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) for leaching models to advise farmers on any combination of soil and pesticide properties that could potentially lead to substantial groundwater contamination. 

Indirect methods of estimating sorption have been used when actual measurement of sorption isotherm is impossible (44). For instance, sorption coefficients have been estimated from soil organic carbon and a specific surface of soil, and from semiempidcal equations using pesticide properties. 

This work is not an attempt to look at the past and future of the pesticide problem from the environmental point of view. After the general discussion of pesticides properties and use in the USSR (Chapter 1), we look successively at the unexpected consequences of pesticide use, for the natural environment, humans, and for agriculture itself.This work concludes with Lessons Learned from Pesticides, food for thought for policymakers, ecologists, and farmers. 

Experiment 1. Effects of volatile allelochemicals on development of pollen tubes. In this experiment, volatile and liquid excretions from plants with pesticidic properties were tested (Table 3). The development of pollen tubes depend on the concentration and the distance from the object glass with microspores moistened with nutrient medium vapors of lavender oil (active matter) depress the process as well as red pepper, but garlic not. Water extracts of garlic were more effective. 

Hornsby AG, Wauchope DR, Hemer AE (1996) Pesticide properties in the environment. Springer,... 

Augustijn-Beckers, P. W. M., Hornsby, A. G., Wauchope, R. D. (1994) The SCS/ARS/CES pesticide properties database for environmental decision making, n. Additional compounds. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 137, 1-82. 

Niche The section of the environment with which a particular property of the chemical product interacts is referred to as niche. For example, a pesticide can have as the environment the plant, the atmosphere, and the human beings. The pesticide interacts with the environment through its properties. There are different kinds of interaction depending on the niche. For example, some properties such as the contact area depend on the surfactant characteristics and the surface of the leaf. The niche is the surface of the leaf. The absorption of the pesticide depends on the characteristics of the layers, like the cuticle [25], In this case, the niche consists of the layers of the plant s leaves. Also, the diffiisivity of the active product in the layers of the plant leaves corresponds to a property that depends on the environment-product interaction. Some other pesticide properties, such as solubility of the active agent in the solvent, do not depend on the environment. 

Wauchope, R.D. Pesticide Properties Database (Washington, DC U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1988). 

AERU (2009) Agriculture Environment Research Unit - THE PPDB, Pesticide Properties Database. EU-funded FOOTPRINT project, http //sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index. htm. Accessed 2011... 

Solanine is a poisonous steroidal alkaloid, also known as glycoafkaloid, found in the nightshades family (Solanaceae). It is extremely toxic even in small quantities. Solanine has both fungicidal and pesticidal properties, and it is one of the plant s natural defences. 

Any pesticidal property expressed by a particular species theoretically could be engineered into, and expressed by, an entirely unrelated plant species, thereby creating a new PIP. 

ARS Pesticide Properties Field dissipation, ST1/2 334 334 V http //www.ars.usda.gov/Services/ ... 

OSU Pesticide Properties ST1/2 341 341 http //ace.orst.edu/info/nptn/... 

Folkloric medicine has led many scientists to discover important plant-derived medicines. It has been known for some time that the seeds of several Annonaceous species have an emetic property (Morton, 1987). Eli Lilly, Inc. in 1898 sold a fluid extract made from paw paw seeds A. triloba) for inducing emesis (Anonymous, 1898). Folkloric uses of Annonaceous species also suggest pesticidal properties. The Thai people use extracts of Annona squamosa, A. muricata,A. cherimolia, and A. reticulata for the treatment of head lice (Chumsri, 1995). For this, 10 to 15 fresh leaves of A. squamosa L. are finely crushed and mixed with coconut oil, and the mixture is applied uniformly onto the head and washed off after 30 min. 

Generally, it takes some five to seven years to bring a pesticide to market once its pesticidal properties have been verified. Many tests must be conducted to determine such things as the compound s synthesis, its chemical and physical properties, and its efficacy. In addition, in order for registration for use by the US EPA, numerous toxicity tests are undertaken including those for acute toxicity, those for chronic effects such as reproductive anomalies, carcinogenesis, and neurological effects and those for environmental effects. 

Heller, S.R., Scott, K., Bigwood, D.W. (1989) The need for data evaluation of physical and chemical properties of pesticides The ARS pesticide properties database. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 29, 159-162. 

Hornsby, A.G., Wauchope, R.D., Herner, A.E. (1996) Pesticide Properties in the Environment. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Wauchope, R.D. (1989) ARS/SCS Pesticides Properties Database. Version 1.9, preprint, August, 1989. 

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