Chemical toxic/toxicity

Liu, D. 1989. A rapid and simple biochemical test for direct determination of chemical toxicity. Toxicity Assessment 4 3 9-404. 

Thomson, K., Liu, D. and Kaiser, K.L.E. 1986. A direct resazurin test for measuring chemical toxicity. Toxicity Assessment 1 407-418. 

B. Venugopal and T. D. Luckey, Metal Toxicity in Mammals Chemical Toxicity of Metals and Metalloids, Vol. 2, Plenum Press, New York, 1978. 

In common with other pharmaceuticals, the two primary requirements for success are safety and efficacy. Safety is deterrnined both by chemical toxicity and radiation dose deflvered to the patient. 

Eor virtually all radiopharmaceuticals, the primary safety consideration is that of radiation dosimetry. Chemical toxicity, although it must be considered, generally is a function of the nonradio active components of the injectate. These are often unreacted precursors of the intended radioactive product, present in excess to faciUtate the final labeling reaction, or intended product labeled with the daughter of the original radioactive label. 

Chemical Toxicity. Radiopharmaceuticals are subject to the same requirements for safety as are other pharmaceuticals, and are tested for chemical toxicity in much the same manner. It is generally understood, however, that patients are likely to receive relatively few doses of any given radiopharmaceutical so that the effects of long-term chronic exposure to the compound rarely need be assessed. Safety margins, that is, the ratio of the adininistered dose to the lowest dose that produces an observable effect, are usually on the order of 100 or more. 

When inhaled, ingested, or adsorbed through the skin, thorium isotopes are potentially harmful because of ionizing radiation and chemical toxicity. 

Chemical, Toxicity reduction—Texas Aerohic 225 Organic COD Aerohic <2000 0.1-0.6 0.5-2.5 12-20... 

Impervious clothing is essential when handling coiTosive chemicals, liquids liable to cause dermatitis, or chemicals toxic by skin absorption. 

Allows site-specific inputs to the calculation of vulnerability zones and provides release scenarios Calculations are based on site-specific planning factors such as wind speed, stabihty class, and chemical toxicity. 

Table 1.9-1 List of Highly-Hazardous Chemicals, Toxics, and Reactives (Mandatoty)...

Highly Hazardous Chemical - Toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive substances, as defined in Appendix A of 29 CFR 1910.119, "Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals."... 

The CESARS database contains comprehensive environmental and health information on chemicals. It provides detailed descriptions of chemical toxicity to humans, mammals, aquatic and plant life, as well as data on physical chemical properties, and environmental fate and persistence. Each record consists of chemical identification information and provides descriptive data on up to 23 topic areas, ranging from chemical properties to toxicity to environmental transport and fate. Records are in English. Available online through CCINFOline from the Canadian Centre For Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) and Chemical Information System (CIS) on CD-ROM through CCIN-FOdisc. 

The ECOTOXicology database is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three toxicology effects databases AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). These databases were created by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laborator) (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division... 

Hazardous chemicals is a broad categoiy that includes chemicals that may be toxic, flammable, corrosive, explosive, or luirmful to tlie environment. A toxic chemical is one type of a hazardous chemical. Toxic chemicals cause adverse health effects, such as severe illness or deatli, when ingested, inltaled, or absorbed by a lii ing organism. 

Specificity, this can be thought of as an extreme form of selectivity (see Selectivity) where, in this case, no increase in the concentration of the molecule will be sufficient to activate the other processes). This term is often used erroneously in that the extremes of concentration have not been tested (or cannot be tested due to chemical, toxic, or solubility constraints in a particular system) to define what probably is only selectivity. 

Stanley LA, Horsburgh BC, Ross J et al (2006) PXR and CAR nuclear receptors which play a pivotal role in drug disposition and chemical toxicity. Drug Metab Rev 38 515-597... 

In addition, naturally growing plants resist plant pathogen and Insect attack because resistance develops over time via natural selection (35). Also, most natural and crop plants have, as a part of their basic physical and chemical makeup, a wide array of mechanisms that help them resist pest attack. These Include chemical toxicants, repellents, altered plant nutrients, hairiness, thorns, and diverse combinations of these (35). 

Ganter B, Tugendreich S, Pearson Cl, Ayanoglu E, Baumhueter S, Bostian KA, et al. Development of a large-scale chemogenomics database to improve drug candidate selection and to understand mechanisms of chemical toxicity and action. J Biotechnol 2005 119 219-44. 

The COMPACT (computer-optimized molecular parametric analysis of chemical toxicity) procedure, developed by Lewis and co-workers [92], uses a form of discriminant analysis based on two descriptors, namely, molecular planarity and electronic activation energy (the difference between the energies of the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals), which predict the potential of a compound to act as a substrate for one of the cytochromes P450. Lewis et al. [93] found 64% correct predictions for 100 compounds tested by the NTP for mutagenicity. 

Livingstone DJ. Building QSAR models a practical guide. In Cronin MTD, Livingstone DJ, editors. Predicting chemical toxicity and fate. Boca Raton CRC Press, 2004. p. 151-70. 

Benigni R, Richard AM. Quantitative structure-based modeling applied to characterization and prediction of chemical toxicity. Methods 1998 14 264-76. 

Parke DV, loannides C, Lewis DFV. The safety evaluation of drugs and chemicals by the use of computer-optimised molecular parametric analysis of chemical toxicity (COMPACT). ATLA 1990 18 91-102. 

Smithing MP, Darvas F. Hazardexpert an expert system for predicting chemical toxicity. In Finlay JW, Robinson SF, Armstrong DJ, editors, Food safety assessment. Washington DC American Chemical Society, 1992. p. 191-200. 

Guengerich FP Common and uncommon cytochrome P450 reactions related to metabolism and chemical toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2001 14 611. 

Cronin, M. Livingstone, D. (eds.) (2004) Predicting Chemical Toxicity and Fate. CRC Press, Danvers, MA. 

A Resources to identify chemicals of concern B Chemical toxicity C Exposure assessment tools D Hazard and risk assessment tools E Safer chemistry design tools... 

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