Toxicology effects

The common acceptor molecule tetracyanoethylene is a poison, and sublimes at relatively low temperature (120°C). The toxicological effects of most cyano-type acceptors have not been fuUy investigated. 

Contact with aciylamide can be hazardous and should be avoided. The most serious toxicological effect of exposure to acrylamide monomer is as a... 

There is a significant difference in the toxicological effects of saturated and unsaturated afiphatic aldehydes. As can be seen in Table 6, the presence of the double bond considerably enhances toxicity. The precautions for handling reactive unsaturated aldehydes such as acrolein, methacrolein [78-85-3] and crotonaldehyde should be the same as those for handling other highly active eye and pulmonary irritants, as, for example, phosgene. 

N. Ericksen and co-workers, M Study of the Toxicological Effects of the Inhalation of Gaseous Eluorine at Concentrations of Approximately 25, 8, 3 and 0.7 mg nP, United States Atomic Energy Keport 397, 407, 427, and 429, University of Rochester, New York, 1945. 

Health and Safety Factors. Like other low molecular weight ketones, MIBK is an anesthetic chemical with no highly cumulative toxicological effects. Inhalation of vapors can irritate mucous membranes. 

Dimethyl terephthalate also shows low toxicity. Inhalation by rats of dust for 4 h/d for 58 d showed no toxicological effects at levels up to 86... 

Health and Safety. Littie toxicological data are available on borates other than boric acid and borax. Most water-soluble borates have the same toxicological effects as borax when adjusted to account for differences ia 2 3 content. 

Other toxicological effects that may be associated with exposure to benzyl chloride based on animal studies are skin sensitization and developmental embryo and/or fetal toxicity. A 1980 OSHA regulation has estabhshed a national occupational exposure limit for benzyl chloride of 5 mg/m (1 ppm). Concentrations of 160 mg/m (32 ppm) in air cause severe irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract (68). 

It is not certain that all the effects of DES can be ascribed to its oestrogenic activity (that is to say, directly related to its ability to bind to the oestrogen receptor), but it would appear from experience with this compound that rodent assays are able to detect the relevant toxicological effects. What then was the... 

TOXLINE (non-royalty based) Toxicology Information Online National Library of Medicine 8600 Roekville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 (301) 496-1131 On-line bibliographic database covering the pharmacological, physiological, and toxicological effects of drugs and chemicals. Information is taken from eleven secondary sources. 

The ECOTOXicology database is a source for locating single chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants and wildlife. ECOTOX integrates three toxicology effects databases AQUIRE (aquatic life), PHYTOTOX (terrestrial plants), and TERRETOX (terrestrial wildlife). These databases were created by the U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development (ORD), and the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laborator) (NHEERL), Mid-Continent Ecology Division... 

Camargo JA, Alonso A (2006) Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems a global assessment. Environ Int 32 831-849... 

Ceron JJ, Panizo CG, Montes A. 1995. Toxicological effects in rabbits induced by endosulfan, lindane, and methyl parathion representing agricultural byproducts contamination. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 54 258-265. 

Ortiz D, Yanez L, Gomez H, et al. 1995. Acute toxicological effects in rats treated with a mixture of commercially formulated products containing methyl parathion and permethrin. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 32 154-158. 

Male mice exposed to 7.3 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks had significantly decreased spleen weights and decreased neutrophil counts (Hoechst 1984b), indicating that immune activity in mice may also be affected. An intermediate-duration oral MRL of 0.005 mg/kg/day was derived based on the NOAEL of 0.45 mg/kg/day for immunotoxicity identified in the Banerjee and Hussain (1986) study. In support of these positive findings, Khurana et al. (1998) observed decreased macrophage functionality, in the absence of any other apparent toxicological effects, in 1-day-old broiler chicks fed 30 ppm endosulfan in the diet for 4 or 8 weeks. 

Because of the requirement by public health authorities that any chemical used in the production of food should pose no risk to the consumer, the safety of food chemicals has mostly been approached from the perspective of whether or not the chemical poses a toxicological hazard. If it does so then it is argued that it is likely to present some degree of risk to the consumer even if humans are exposed to very low levels of that chemical in their diets. However, if exposure is minimal, depending on the nature of the toxicity, it is likely that the risk is acceptable because it is so low. What is not considered, or even tested in the experimental systems designed to study the toxicological effects of chemicals, is whether there are levels of exposure where there might be potential health benefits. The assumption is made that any nonnatural, adventitious substance that can be shown to be toxic is unlikely to have health benefits. 

Hard evidence for the first category seems to be nonexistent. An educated guess on the potential hazards would combine residue technology [how much of a secondary amine (or amide, urea, carbamate, etc.) might a person consume or otherwise be exposed to ], nitrosation chemistry (what would be the yield of in vivo nitrosation of the pesticide thus consumed ), and toxicology (what would be the toxicological effect and potency of the nitroso compound thus formed ). Frequently, these questions, which simplify to, "What dose—eg., in mg/kg—of a pesticide-derived nitroso compound might a person be exposed to and what would be the result if he were " are not carefully considered. 

A 52-week study in monkeys was designed to evaluate ocular effects. Despite the absence of adverse toxicological effects at the highest dose tested (20 mg/kg body weight per day), the study was considered inappropriate for the establishment of an ADI in view of the much higher doses used in several other studies and found to be without effects. The available comparative toxicokinetic data for humans and rats indicated that studies of toxicity in rats could be used to derive an ADI. 

The investigation of the pyrolysates of the olibanum resins was initiated by an article in a newspaper. The anthor of this article seemed to be apprehensive about the pharmacological and toxicological effects of the fume of the resins, which are used in religious ceremonies, on the health of people. The resins used in churches named as Pontifical or Olibanum Konig mainly consist of B. carterii, whereas those of inferior quality contain B. serrata resins. For this reason, the fumes of both resins were investigated by Basar [4]. 

NRC 2000. Toxicological effects of methylmercury. National Research Council Committee on the Toxicological Effects of Methyhnercury, Washington, DC National Academies Press. 344 p. 

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