Monitoring of toxic chemical

Alessio L, Dell Orto A. 1988. Biological monitoring of tin. In Clarkson TW, ed. Biological monitoring of toxic chemicals, New York, NY Plenum Press, 419-425. 

International conference on monitoring of toxic chemicals and biomarkers. SPIE Proceedings Series, volume 1716, 212-222. 

The term real time has various interpretations. With respect to detection or monitoring of toxic chemicals for the purpose of protecting a person from exposure, real time is defined as time of the order of human reaction times. The output of a protection device must occur in such a time that the individual is able to take protective action before ingesting a physiologically significant dose of a toxic chemical. Real time, defined here, must be of the order of a few seconds. 

How can we better monitor trade and movement of toxic chemicals ... 

In particular, the requirement under Article I to destroy all chemical weapons would make such weapons less accessible to terrorist groups. The requirements of Article VII to criminalize the prohibitions of the CWC and enact effective penal legislation would reduce the possibility that a CWC State Party could inadvertently become a safe haven for those who use chemical weapons as a tool of terror, and would hence help reduce the threat posed by chemical terrorism. Likewise, the transfer (export control and monitoring) obligations under Article VI would serve to reduce the risk of diversion of toxic chemicals (either weaponized chemical weapons, precursors of military chemical agents, including those listed in the CWC Schedules, or other toxic chemicals) for terrorist uses. 

Spacecraft environments are particularly vulnerable to upsets due to their closed loop nature. The release and accumulation of toxic chemicals in the breathable atmosphere or the biological contamination of food and water supplies rapidly become detrimental to crew safety. Consequently, instrumentation for environmental monitoring is a prerequisite for mission success. Although seemingly uncomplicated, the additional requirements that these instruments use minimal space, mass, power, and crew time makes their successful development and application challenging. One potential solution may be to use biosensors as environmental monitors. Biosensors consist of a biological component (bioreporter) that... 

Convention that deal with RCAs and the legitimate use of toxic chemicals for law enforcement purposes. The SAB noted that the science related to such agents is rapidly evolving, and that results of current programmes to develop such non-lethal agents should be monitored and assessed in terms of their relevance to the Convention. However, based on past experience and the fact that many of these compounds act on the central nervous system, it appears unlikely from a scientific point of view that compounds with a sufficient safety ratio would be found. 

For monitoring the test, environmental, and experimental systems, both Dr. Fishbein and Dr. McKinney described some of the powerful tools which can be applied to explore, interpret, and understand situations affecting our health and safety. These tools are applied to nitrosamines and dioxins, which are families of toxic chemicals isolated, purified, and characterized by chemical and physical techniques operating at levels of parts per billion and below. (Remember that 1 part per billion is one second in 33 years 1 teaspoonful of vermouth in a U0,000 gallon tank of gin.)... 

The Administrator shall, in consultation and cooperation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, establish and be responsible for research aimed at the development, in cooperation with local. State, and Federal agencies, of monitoring techniques and instruments which may be used in the detection of toxic chemical substances and mixtures and which are reliable, economical, and capable of being implemented imder a wide variety of conditions. 

In accordance with paragraph 66(f) of Part IV(A) of the Verification Annex, the inspection team shall have the right to verify through physical presence and monitoring with on-site instruments the mutilation of metal parts of chemical weapons after destruction of toxic chemical fill and detoxification of metal bodies. The agreed procedures for confirmation of the destruction of metal parts are contained in Attachment 24 to this Agreement. 

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