Insect attack

Biodeterioration. For objects made out of organic materials, mold and insect attack are a principal cause of damage. Microbiological organisms can also be responsible for serious deterioration of outdoor stone. Museums, especially storage areas, are quite conducive to providing the conditions in which infestations can occur. Objects are stored in close proximity, and left untouched for prolonged periods, often with Htde if any ak movement. 

Careful estimates suggest that the total losses to agricultural crops from insect attacks in the United States average about 10% of production and amount to more than 14 biUion annually (1). Worldwide agricultural losses from insect attacks have been estimated as about 14% of production (2). 

The rate and extent of deterioration ate governed by the interdependent factors of temperature, time, and moisture. In locations not conducive to decay or insect attack, wood is extremely stable at ordinary temperatures. However, with increasing temperature, the degradation of surface layers progresses into the interior layers. Prolonged heating at temperatures as low as 90°C may cause charring. 

In devising strategies to prevent insect attack on processed woolens, it is appropriate to aim only to protect processed wool goods and to control the principal domestic pest species. This is usually achieved by incorporation of an insecticide into those goods required to be protected, usually from the dyebath while the articles are being dyed, and methods for protection of wool goods have been reviewed (122). 

Wood is painted in order to preserve from decay, to minimize changes in moisture content that lead to distortion, and for decoration. It is a waste of time and effort to apply expensive paints or stains to exterior wood not previously treated with preservative. Preservatives are designed to penetrate the timber to protect against microorganisms and insect attack. Modern preservatives can be over-coated with paint without problems. 

For the remedial treatment of fungal decay and insect attack on timber in buildings, clear solvent-type preservatives applied by spraying all available surfaces are generally used, supplemented with wood preservative pastes to obtain deep penetration. Water-based emulsions are also used for woodworm control. There has been a general move towards the use of those... 

In addition, naturally growing plants resist plant pathogen and Insect attack because resistance develops over time via natural selection (35). Also, most natural and crop plants have, as a part of their basic physical and chemical makeup, a wide array of mechanisms that help them resist pest attack. These Include chemical toxicants, repellents, altered plant nutrients, hairiness, thorns, and diverse combinations of these (35). 

Vaeck, M., Reynaerts, A., Hofte, H., Jansens, S., De Beukeleer, M., Dean, C., Zabeau, M., Van Montagu, M. Leemans, J. (1987). Transgenic plants protected from insect attack. Nature, 328, 33-7. 

The cover design and construction should optimize soil conditions for water use by plants. This is an important tool and can be used to ensure success of the ET cover. Plant growth and water use are controlled by soil and air temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, wind, humidity, disease, and insect attack. Neither design nor construction practice can exert significant control over these factors but they can be considered during design to assure success. 

Cacao beans in storage are spoiled by insects that oviposit on them and in the burlap bags. These insects attack in the larval stage. 

F. macrophylla is an East African medicinal tree known to be relatively free from insect attack. In order to test for chemical factors involved in this observed resistance, pieces of root bark were extracted with methanol, followed by evaporation of the methanol and suspension of the extract in water. A chloroform extraction of the suspension was chromatographed on silica gel 60 (30-70 mesh ASTM) in methylenechloride-methanol. 

We have tested the hypothesis that even susceptible host plants have defenses against insect attack In contrast to an artificial diet containing low concentrations of defensive allelochemlcals and having no morphological means of defense. A few species of Insects have been observed to have Increased fecundity and growth on artificial diets compared to preferred plants (, 51). 

Contribution 86-123-B from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Research reported here supported by University of Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch Project 215, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Hatch Project 470, and the University of Delaware Research Foundation project Plant Defense Against Insect Attack. 

As many of the same types of diterpenes play an active role in the resistance of other plants to insect attack (see above), it is interesting to investigate the role of diterpenes in Solidago and its interactions with insects. Solidago has the advantage that the behavior and the ecology of many of the associated insects are well known (80). 

However these compounds either singly or in combination do not account for the total lack of feeding activity observed either in the laboratory or in the field. Resistance of S. nemoralis to Insect attack seems to Involve, as is expected, not a single class of compounds but a multichemical response. Other compounds isolated from nemoralis showing antifeedant activity to Trirhabda canadensis are at present under investigation. 

We know very little about the fundamentals of allelochemical production and release. Manipulating allelochemicals by imposing the appropriate stress on the organism will probably be possible. Do plants produce or release chemicals as a result of exposure to an alien species Much work has been done regarding defense to insect attack, but virtually no research on plant-plant responses has been done. 

---