Chemical weapons toxic industrial chemicals

A couple of costs are involved in having the FTIR system, number one is the initial price the initial price of the system is about 55,000. That includes a tone key system, the lap top computer, all of the software needed to operate the system, and all of the libraries that I described weapons of mass destruction, toxic industrial chemicals, common chemicals, white powders, drugs, drug precursors, and explosives, ft comes with a carrying case that protects the system in transport, ft comes with a battery pack. There is also a one-year warranty which includes access to the Web site, access to the 247 Reach Back, and then a twenty-four-hour response if your system goes down. We ll have a system to you within... 

Hincal F, Erkegoglum P. Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICs) - Chemical warfare without chemical weapons, FABAD J. Pharm. Sci. 2006, 31, 220-229. 

The CWC comprises a preamble, 24 articles and three annexes on chemicals, verification and confidentiality. It is remarkable for the comprehensiveness of its provisions. It covers the development, production, stockpiling and destruction of chemical weapons, defining a chemical weapon as any toxic chemical or its precursor that, through its chemical action, can cause death, injury, temporary incapacity or sensory irritation. Toxic chemicals are integral to modern industry and medicine on a... 

The terrorist CW threat differs fundamentally from the military CW threats of the past. Essentially, it is driven by accessibility of the material. On the one hand, there has to be concern about the security of existing CW stockpiles. But it is equally important to ensure that terrorist organizations cannot get access to relevant precursor materials or toxic industrial chemicals to produce their own make-shift chemical weapons. A related concern is the presence of toxic industrial chemicals in manufacturing, storage and transport, and the danger of deliberate releases of these chemicals by attacks with conventional explosives. 

Looking beyond the challenges of chemical warfare in the traditional sense, the workshop observed that the Convention now faces new challenges, such as the potential use of toxic industrial chemicals (for example, by non-State actors). This may require States Parties to look again at the assistance-and-protection provisions in the Convention, and some participants argued it would be necessary to reconsider the definition of what constitutes a chemical weapon. 

TOXIC INDUSTRIAL CHEMICAL (TIC). Any toxic chemical used for legitimate medical or industrial purposes. In addition to their commercial uses, TICs have been used as simulants for chemical weapons (CW), where they can aid in determining the effectiveness of respirators, detectors, and other defensive measures. Concern arises periodically, however, that TICs could be used directly by individuals or groups for chemical terrorism or could be diverted by nations into use in producing CW. TICs are also referred to as toxic industrial materials (TIM). 

The main problem connected with chemical terrorism is that beside chemical weapons, terrorists can use different toxic chemicals from the chemical industry, the agriculture or products released from industrial facilities following a terrorist act. An attack on a chemical plant can immediately release a number of different kinds of chemicals [6], Some differences exist between chemical weapons (CW) and the chemicals released after destruction of a chemical plant following a terrorist act [4] ... 

Nowadays, terrorists have changed their tactics. Beside chemical weapons, they may use different toxic chemicals produced by the industry, the agriculture or failures in the industrial facilities during transportation, storage, fires and the like. They may take advantage also of the application of low doses of toxic chemicals which can provoke delayed and unknown effects of the intoxication. 

Currently, scientists and experts from many countries are working on development and implementation of a readiness for anti terrorist actions. In addition to chemical weapons, terrorists can use various toxic chemicals from chemical industry, agriculture or products released from terrorist acts on industrial facilities. The arsenal of chemical agents that can be used as terrorist agents is practically unlimited. The focus of this workshop was assessment of scientific concepts and practical means for management of chemical agent casualties in the area of terrorist attack with emphasis on improving the medical treatment and decontamination. These problems were analyzed from an interdisciplinary perspective. 

Chemical weapons are not a new method of warfare, they have been in recorded use since about 2000 BC. However, science and technology have refined these weapons and now their potential is awesome. It was the rise of the modern chemical industry at the end of the nineteenth century that first made feasible the use of significant quantities of toxic chemicals on large-scale battlefields and, indeed, chemical weapons were first used on a significant scale by both sides in the First World War. They were then used immediately after the war by Britain in Iraq (1920), and Spain in Morocco (1921). They were also used by Italy during its invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935-1936, Japan during its war against China in 1937-1943, and by the United States in Vietnam... 

Chemical warfare agents (CWA) are classified into several categories, for example, nerve agents and vesicants. Tear gases are forbidden as a method of warfare but still allowed for riot control purposes. The CWC fists chemicals in three Schedules, which have been constructed on the basis of the toxicity of the chemicals, their industrial use, and historical usage as warfare agents. Schedule 1 consists of families of toxic chemicals, which have been developed, produced, stockpiled, or used as chemical weapons, for example, sarin and mustard gas. These chemicals have little industrial use. Schedule 3, on the other hand, consists of 17 single chemicals with... 

The most striking feature, however, is the way in which toxic chemicals and their precursors are dealt with. Although toxicity is the basic characteristic of chemical weapons, it was considered inadequate as a criterion for definition purposes. This is particularly obvious in relation to the so-called dual-use chemicals , i.e. chemicals that have legitimate applications yet may also be used as chemical weapons, or had been in the past. Examples are chlorine and phosgene, which are basic industrial intermediates used widely in the chemical industry but which had been weaponized and used as chemical weapons in the past. 

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