Chemical sample, toxic

Related Terms Aerosols, see Aerosols, p.3 Ammunition, see Ammunition, p.8 Burster, see Ammunition, p.8 Cartridges, see Ammunition, p.8 Chemical sample, toxic, liquid or solid, see Chemical Kits and Samples, p.40 Expelling charge, see Ammunition, p.8 Flammable, see Flammable Solids and Division 4.1, p.99... 

Chemical kit, 8, 9 Chemical sample, liquid, 6.1 Chemical sample, solid, 6.1 Chemical sample, toxic, liquid or solid, 6.1 First aid kit, 9 Gas identification set, 2.3 Gas sample, non-pressurised, n.o.s., not refrigerated liquid, 2.1, 2.3 Permeation devices, containing dangerous goods, for calibrating air quality monitoring Samples, explosive other than initiating explosives, 1... 

Chemical Sample, Toxic This entry may only be used for chemical samples taken for analysis in connection with the implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction. The transport of substances under this entry should be in accordance with the chain of custody and security procedures specified by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. IMO 6096-1... 

Chemical Sample, Toxic. This entry may only be used for chemical samples taken for analysis in connection with the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention. lATA App. A... 

In response to the concern expressed by the shellfish farmers operating in the Ebro River delta about the potential positive role of pesticides on the oyster and mussel mortalities observed in the area, our group, commissioned by and with the collaboration of the Catalan Water Agency (ACA), carried out a comprehensive study in which chemical and toxicity data were combined to assess potential toxic presures present in the delta. To this end, a combined approach scheme integrating the measurement of various general physicochemical parameters in water, quantitative chemical analysis of pesticides in water and biota, and ecotoxicity assays in water was applied to a series of samples collected at springtime (between mid-April and mid-June 2008) from six selected sites of the delta the two (northern and southern)... 

Cotton textile material and used dyes for painting contain a lot of such bonds and groups and probably create hydrogen and other chemical bonds with mustard agent. According to reference [3] remained toxic substances bonded chemically samples do not exert influence on the physiological condition of the organism. 

Plasma-chemical sample preparation allows breaking-up of cyanide compounds to non-toxic forms, which may be used for purification of technological solutions and galvanic production wastewaters, posing hazard to people s health in the event they are purposely used by terrorists. 

The problem of toxic subjects detection in the tested objects can be solved by two options chemical analysis, for revealing separate toxics, or their products, and biotesting with the result of the tested samples toxicity degree indication without identification of the agent. Qualitative and quantitative chrmical/analytical methods allow with the higher accuracy and, in some cases, rapidly detect presence of the separate toxics or their products in the tested objects. It is important for the regular detection of the different pollutions of any agents in the tested objects. 

Rao, S.S. Lifshitz, R. The Muta-ChromoPlate Method for measuring mutagenicity of environmental samples and pure chemicals. Environ. Toxic. Water Quality 1995, 10, 307-313. 

Environmental samples often contain swathes of different chemicals in mixtures. An important question for risk assessment, regulation, and remediation is to establish whether the majority of chemicals contribute to the overall mixture effect, or whether joint toxicity can be traced back to a few substances. This issue has been the topic of considerable research efforts in the field of ecotoxicology. Its resolution has required whole mixture approaches, where environmental samples were subjected to extraction procedures, followed by fractionation and chemical analysis (toxicity identification evaluation (TIE), bioassay-directed fractionations). There are interesting examples in the literature where such approaches were combined with component-based mixture assessments with the aim of identifying chemicals that contribute to mixture effects (see Chapter 4). 

The second issue, when using the yeast-based assays as a prescreening for chemical analysis, is whether these limits of detection are low enough. Studies have shown that 1 ng/1 ethynyl estradiol cause induction of vitellogenesis in carp (Purdom etal., 1994), which means that the sample would have to be concentrated at least 1000 times and this often makes the sample toxic because of elevated levels of other compounds, e.g. LAS, which kills the yeast at high concentrations. 

Whilst many chemical-specific tests are fast and effective for detecting known toxicants, some are too slow and/or expensive [1]. They are also unable to answer the more general or the more important question is the sample toxic , and how toxic is it , even when recourse can be made to good sources of information (see also chapter by Cowie and Richardson). To answer such questions, living organisms, typically fish, invertebrates, algae, plants, etc., are exposed to the sample and then after a period of time examined for harmful effects caused by that sample. 

In Phase II, important processes that affect the chemical composition, toxicity, and fate of leachates from highway C R materials and assemblages were evaluated in laboratory tests [1-4,215,216,222-224]. The tests provided information on the teachability of constituents in C R materials under a range of conditions thought to provide reasonable estimates of expected leachate chemical concentrations. The tests provided information on the removal, reduction, and retardation of leachate constituents by natural processes. Algae and daphnia toxicity tests assessed the toxicity of the samples at the leachate source or after modification by RRR processes, and chemical analyses enabled quantification of leachate chemical components at all stages of the laboratory tests. Each laboratory test resulted in the measurement of mass transfer rates of leachate chemical components under controlled conditions, the results of which were applied to specific mathematical models of the process. 

Ovens should not be used to dry any chemical sample that has even moderate volatility and might pose a hazard because of acute or chronic toxicity unless special precautions have been taken to ensure continuous venting of the atmosphere inside the oven. Thus, most organic compounds should not be dried in a conventional unvented laboratory oven. 

Although this section will focus on trace organic toxic chemical sampling, preservation, and analysis, the protocols and procedures that are outlined can be applied (with less complexity) to trace inorganic toxic chemicals. 

Toxic organic chemicals Sampling for toxic organic chemicals in water is conducted in a manner similar to any other type of water sample collection. Normally, 41 amber glass bottles with PTFE-lined caps are used, and rinsing of these bottles in the field is not required. Sample preservation is carried out using the procedures listed in Table 2. 

Hazardous and toxic substances can be defined as those chemicals present in the workplace that are capable of causing harm (see Figure 23.6). In this definition, the term chemicals includes dusts, mixtures, and common materials such as paints, fuels, and solvents. OSHA currently regulates exposure to approximately 400 substances. The OSHA Chemical Sampling Information file contains a listing for approximately 1,500 substances. The EPA s Toxic Substance Chemical Act Chemical Substances Inventory lists information on more than 62,000 chemicals or chemical substances. Some libraries maintain files of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for more than 100,000 substances. It is not possible at this time to address or regulate the hazards associated with each of these chemicals that can potentially be found in the workplace. 

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