Cortex cerebral

Biological Activities and Analogues. Somatostatin exerts some neurotropic actions, eg, as a tranquilizer and as a spontaneous motor activity depressor. It also lengthens barbiturate anesthesia time and induces sedation and hypothermia. These actions are consistent with the strong association between somatostatin and GABA in the primate cerebral cortex, 90—95% of somatostatin-positive ceHs also contain GABA (100). 

The class II cytokine receptor family includes receptors for interferon a/P (lEN a/P) and y (lENy) and IL-10. lEN-y immunoreactivity has been found in neurons in the hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, mammilary nuclei, and dorsal tegmentum. Astrocytes and microglia in vitro can be stimulated to express class II histocompatibiHty complex (MHC-II) antigens by lEN-y, which may be involved in the presentation of antigen to T-ceUs by astrocytes. Thus lEN-y may be critical in CNS-immune function and dysfunction especially in regard to neuronal and gHal apoptotic processes. 

Gehirn-hsutentzundung, /. meningitis, -kapsel, /. cranium. -rinde, /. cerebral cortex, -wasser, n. cerebrospinal fluid, gehoben, p.p. (of heben) lifted, raised, etc. gehoifen, p.p. (of heifen) helped, assisted. Gehblz, n. wood, woodland, copse. 

Gross-him, n. cerebrum- -himrinde,/. cerebral cortex. -Industrie,/. = Grossgewerbe. grossl hrig, a. of age. 

GLT1/EAAT2 (SLC1A2) Astrocytes in cerebral cortex, hippocampus 5-100 Clearance of interstitial glutamate... 

High concentrations of KOP have been found in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus KOP is also present in the gastrointestinal tract, in immune cells as well as in other peripheral tissues. KOPs have been implicated in the regulation of nociception, diuresis, feeding, neuroendocrine and immune system functions [2]. 

Pyramidal neurons are the principal long-projecting cells of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. They are so named because of the characteristic large apical dendrite, giving them a pyramidal shape. 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

The temporal lobe is the inferior middle portion of the cerebral cortex of both hemispheres. The temporal lobes are involved in the analysis of visual and acoustic information and in memory formation. The hippocampus is part of the inner, medial side of the temporal lobes. 

Caffeine is a mild to potent CNS stimulant, with the degree of its stimulating effect dependent on the dose administered. Caffeine stimulates the CNS at all levels, including the cerebral cortex, die medulla, and the spinal cord. Caffeine has mild analeptic (respiratory stimulating) activity. Other actions include cardiac stimulation (which may produce tachycardia), dilatation of coronary and peripheral blood vessels, constriction of cerebral blood vessels, and skeletal muscle stimulation. Caffeine also has mild diuretic activity. 

Poly-L-lysine-blended chitosan, collagen-blended chitosan and albumin-blended chitosan were also considered, with collagen control material. Culture of PC12 cells and fetal mouse cerebral cortex cells on these biomaterials was used to evaluate their nerve cell affinity. The composite materials, had significantly improved nerve cell affinity compared to chitosan. Poly-L-lysine-blended chitosan exhibited the best nerve cell affinity and was a better material in promoting neurite outgrowth than collagen [328]. 

Arnold EB, Molinoff PB, Rutledge CO The release of endogenous norepinephrine and dopamine from cerebral cortex by amphetamine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther... 

Johanson CE. 1980. Permeability and vascularity of the developing brain Cerebellum vs cerebral cortex. Brain Res 190 3-16. 

The distribution of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate was evaluated in the brains of cats given a single intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg endosulfan (Khanna et al. 1979). Peak concentrations of endosulfan in the brain were found at the earliest time point examined (15 minutes after administration) and then decreased. When tissue levels were expressed per gram of tissue, little differential was observed in distribution among the brain areas studied. However, if endosulfan levels were expressed per gram of tissue lipid, higher initial levels were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum than in the spinal cord and brainstem. Loss of endosulfan was most rapid from those areas low in Upid. Endosulfan sulfate levels peaked in the brain at 1 hour postadministration. In contrast, endosulfan sulfate levels in liver peaked within 15 minutes postadministration. The time course of neurotoxic effects observed in the animals in this study corresponded most closely with endosulfan levels in the central nervous system tissues examined. 

The spontaneous electrical activity of the brain can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG), a technique that has been widely employed to study neurotoxic effects of chemicals both in humans and in experimental animals. EEG waves represent summated synaptic potentials generated by the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex (Misra 1992). These potentials are the responses of cortical cells to rhythmical changes arising from thalamic nuclei. The signals recorded can be separated into frequency bands—faster waves exceeding 13 Hz, and slower ones below 4 Hz. 

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