Human cerebral cortex

Central Noradrenaline Cerebral cortex Human Berger et al. 2006... 

The sense of sight is one of our most developed senses. It involves both the eyes, the optic nerves, and the visual cortex of the brain (located in the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex). Human eyes contain both cone... 

The spontaneous electrical activity of the brain can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG), a technique that has been widely employed to study neurotoxic effects of chemicals both in humans and in experimental animals. EEG waves represent summated synaptic potentials generated by the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex (Misra 1992). These potentials are the responses of cortical cells to rhythmical changes arising from thalamic nuclei. The signals recorded can be separated into frequency bands—faster waves exceeding 13 Hz, and slower ones below 4 Hz. 

The collaboration between several academic laboratories has shown that the imidazole moiety on some of the earlier H3 antagonists can be replaced with a piperidine. For example, the ciproxifan analogue (16) has a pK of 8.4 in rat cerebral cortex [80]. This compound showed in vivo efficacy after p.o. administration to a mouse. Other piperidines studied by these researchers include (17) (H3 p 2 = 7.21 in guinea-pig ileum) [81] and (18) (human K[ — 2.8 nM, p 2 = 7.42 in guinea-pig ileum) [82]. The authors have also found that benzyl ethers such as (19) are somewhat weaker H3 antagonists (p 2 = 6.3 in guinea-pig ileum) [83]. 

Virgintino D, Monaghan P, Robertson D, Errede M, Bertossi M, Ambros-si G et al. An immunohistochemical and morphometric study on astrocytes and microvasculature in the human cerebral cortex. Histochem J 1997 29 655-660. 

Evers P, Uylings HB. Effects of microwave pretreatment on immunocytochemical staining of vibratome sections and tissue blocks of human cerebral cortex stored in formaldehyde fixative for long periods. /. Neurosci. Methods 1994 55 163-172. 

Smiley, J. F., Levey, A. I., Ciliax, B. J. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. D1 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity in human and monkey cerebral cortex predominant and extrasynaptic localization in dendritic spines. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91 5720-5724,1994. 

LTP has been shown in many parts of the brain but it has been most extensively studied in the hippocampus, a phy-logenetically old part of the cerebral cortex that in humans is embedded in the temporal horn and in rats and rabbits lies beneath the parietal and temporal neocortex (Fig. 15-3A). The hippocampus is essential for (declarative) memory formation in rats the role of hippocampus in acquisition of spatial information has been studied in... 

FIGURE 45-8 Tau protein immunoreactivity in brains and spinal cords from mice transgenic for mutant (P301S) human tau protein. (A, B) Cerebral cortex. (C) Amygdala. (D) Dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. (E, F) Brainstem. (G, H) Spinal cord. Scale bars (A-C, E, F), 40 pm (in A) (D, H) 60pm (in D) (G), 250pm. 

Fuster, J. M. Memory in the Cerebral Cortex. An Empirical Approach to Neural Networks in the Human and Nonhuman Primate. Cambridge, MA The MIT Press, 1994. 

To confirm their results and check for methodological problems, some studies have been carried out. As there was a probability that hypothermic conditions during temporary removal from dam may have affected the results, Pauluhn and Schmuck administered S-bioallethrin and deltamethrin to neonatal mice from postnatal day 10 to 16 under a hypo-, normo-, or hyperthermic environment, and measured the MAChR density at the age of 17 days [51]. Increase in MAChR in Cortex at PND 17 in animals treated with S-bioallethrin was observed. Meanwhile, no changes were observed in animals treated with deltamethrin. In addition, an enormous influence of environmental temperature on the density of MAChR receptors in the crude synaptosomal fraction of the cerebral cortex was ascertained. Tsuji et al. exposed mouse dams with their litters to D-allethrin by inhalation for 6 h from postnatal day 10 to 16. The inhalation administration method is the most relevant route of exposure for humans, including babies and infants, after indoor use of D-allethrin. The neonatal exposure to D-allethrin by inhalation did not induce effects either on the brain MAChR density or motor activity at 17 days and 4 months of age, or on performance in the leaming/memory test at 11 months of age [52]. Other unpublished studies with D-allethrin, S -bioallethrin, or deltamethrin were examined to confirm the results of Eriksson et al. and showed inconsistent results [53]. The reasons for discrepancy among these findings are unknown. 

Figure 18.7 Distribution of iron in human brain. GP, globus pallidus SN, substantia nigra IPN, interpeduncular nucleus TH, thalamus DG, dentate gyrus RN, red nucleus CC, cerebral cortex HIPP, hippocampus CER, cerebellum FC, frontal cortex. (From Crichton and Ward, 2006. Reproduced with permission from John Wiley Sons., Inc.)...

In mouse cerebellum and cerebral cortex by IHC and WB (Zehnder et al, 2001). Gene amplification for 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) 1,alpha-hydroxylase and nonfunctional mRNA splice variants in human glioblastoma multiforme (Maas et al, 2001 Diesel et al, 2004, 2005). 

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