Wave representative

The spontaneous electrical activity of the brain can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG), a technique that has been widely employed to study neurotoxic effects of chemicals both in humans and in experimental animals. EEG waves represent summated synaptic potentials generated by the pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex (Misra 1992). These potentials are the responses of cortical cells to rhythmical changes arising from thalamic nuclei. The signals recorded can be separated into frequency bands—faster waves exceeding 13 Hz, and slower ones below 4 Hz. 

The amplitude of a light wave represents the intensity of the light. A bright light is more intense and has greater amplitude than a dim light. 

As noted in Section 2.2.5, the effect of dimerization may also be seen on the second wave, the wave that corresponds to the reduction of the radicals formed at the first wave. The example presented in Figure 2.35 shows the cyclic voltammetry of benzaldehyde in basic ethanol.26 The second wave represents the reduction of the benzaldehyde anion radicals formed at the first wave that have escaped dimerization. In other words, Scheme 2.29 should be completed by Scheme 2.30. 

Figure 4.2 Cartoon representation of an ECC trace and ventricular cardiac action potential, (a) A representation of an ECC trace with its five typical deflections (PQRST) arising from the spread of electrical activitythrough the heart. The QRS wave denotes the ventricular depolarization, while the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. The QT interval therefore estimates the duration of a ventricular action potential, (b) Schematic of the five phases of a ventricular action potential. Phase 0 is the rapid depolarization phase due to a large influx of Na+ ions (Ina). Phase 1 occurs with the inactivation of Na+ channels and the onset of transient outward (repolarizing) currents (/to)...

The amplitude (height) of a wave represents its intensity. A wave with a higher amplitude has a greater intensity (is brighter) than a wave with a lower amplitude. 

An early electrochemical study of corannulene revealed the presence of two well-defined polarographic waves with half-wave potentials of-1.88 and -2.36 V (r-butylammonium perchlorate in acetonitrile). The first wave represented a reversible, one-electron reduction leading to radical anion formation (emerald green solution) further characterized by UV-VIS and ESR. The second wave was reported to be associated with the formation of a bright red species which is not paramagnetic, but it is not believed to be the dianion, but rather some decay product of it. Treatment of THF solutions of 8 with sodium and potassium metals also led to the formation of the same species. ... 

The first (and still the foremost) quantum theory of stopping, attributed to Bethe [19,20], considers the observables energy and momentum transfers as fundamental in the interaction of fast charged particles with atomic electrons. Taking the simplest case of a heavy, fast, yet nonrelativistic incident projectile, the excitation cross-section is developed in the first Born approximation that is, the incident particle is represented as a plane wave and the scattered particle as a slightly perturbed wave. Representing the Coulombic interaction as a Fourier integral over momentum transfer, Bethe derives the differential Born cross-section for excitation to the nth quantum state of the atom as follows. 

The so-called "positive impulse in a shock wave is the area under the pressuretime curve "Phases of a Shock Wave represented as shaded area in Fig 15, p 51... 

As shown in Fig. 4.19, in anisotropic medium, a surface acoustic wave represents a combined longitudinal (4.19a) and shear (4.19b) motion of the lattice in the y-(0)-z plane this is the saggital plane. In anisotropic media, in certain multilayer structures and at some interfaces, the surface wave velocity exceeds the velocity of the shear wave and the energy continuously leaks from the surface to the bulk of the material. In such cases, we talk about pseudo- or leaky waves. Various energy-loss... 

Let N be concentration of the pairs of bounded charges. We suggest that a homogeneous plane wave represented in the form... 

The thin layer cyclovoltammogram of 35a showed two independent oxidation processes (i) an irreversible wave at Epa = 1034 mV (vs. Fc/Fc+) (fcpi = -232 mV (vs. Fc/ Fc+)) and (ii) a reversible wave (E1//2 (het-ox), which corresponds to the formation of the radical cation of the dibenzodioxin subunit (Figure 28). The irreversible wave represents a two-step process involving a one-electron oxidation of the DHA subunit followed by a chemical step (EC-type mechanism) leading to a significant change in the molecular structure. Since polyenic radical cations have a preference for dimerization, 34 it is reasonable to speculate on the formation of the dimeric dication species as shown in structure 41. The chemical reversibility of this EC-type process was confirmed by multisweep thin layer experiments. 

We could get the same answer in a different way, using de Broglie s relation A, = h/p (Problem 5-15). The wave representing the electron would have to vanish at the two walls, similar to the waves on a violin string. The longest possible wave we could fit into the box would have wavelength k = 2L. Such a wave would go through half a cycle between the two walls, and would be zero at each wall. 

A 100-million-m3 RO-based seawater desalination plant requires an electrical energy supply of less than 50 MW. A dedicated power station can work at a much higher efficiency than a regular power station for this purpose since it is operated constantly without the known sine wave, representing day-night, summer-winter... 

The external field E ) is a modulated carrier wave represented by... 

We can summarize the main results from the previous investigations in the following points (i) soliton solutions have been found under general conditions for an electron-positron plasma and by assuming quasi-neutrality in an electron-ion plasma (ii) sub-cycle nondrifting solitary waves represent an equilibrium in a multicomponent warm plasma that is, half-wavelengths of the EM radiation can be trapped inside a plasma density well (iii) the... 

In a so-called autopower spectrum, the intensity (square of amplitudes) of the calculated sine/cosine waves representing the surface profile is plotted versus the corresponding wave number (reciprocal wavelength). 

Atrial depolarization results in the P wave of the ECG, the QRS complex denotes ventricular depolarization and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. 

Fig. 13 Power distribution P as a function of the lateral coordinate. A phase shift in the wave representing the sensing branch causes a lateral shift of the interference pattern on the CCD detector...

Light also has a particle nature—it can best be described as a stream of particles called photons. The properties of light emitted by glowing (red hot) objects and the photoelectric effect can be explained only with Ught as a stream of particles. The energy of the photons ( ) is related to the frequency of the waves (represented by v, Greek nu) ... 

Consider the following waves representing electromagnetic radiation ... 

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