Pancreas, endocrine

Diabetes and other metabolic diseases Diseases of the liver, biliary system and pancreas Endocrine diseases Genetic disorders... 

Conclusive evidence for these assertions was found in the study of the gonads good evidence in the adrenals and the pituitary and only slight support in studies of the thyroid. No studies were made of parathyroid or of pancreas endocrine activity. 

SOLCIA E. (1962) Studio del pancreas endocrine di al-cuni vertebrati mediante osservazione in campo scuro di sezioni fresche. 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

Adrenal gland weights were not affected in rats treated by gavage with 1,500 mg/kg/day trichloroethylene in com oil for 14 days (Berman et al. 1995). Histopathological changes in endocrine glands (thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenals, pituitary) have not been observed in rats or mice exposed by gavage to trichloroethylene in oil for intermediate or chronic durations (Maltoni et al. 1986 NCI 1976 NIP 1988, 1990). 

The pancreas is a gland in the abdomen lying in the curvature of the stomach as it empties into the duodenum. The pancreas functions primarily as an exocrine gland, although it also has endocrine function. The exocrine cells of the pancreas are called acinar cells. They produce an alkaline fluid known as pancreatic... 

Chronic pancreatitis is an inflammatory process that occurs over a long period of time. The inflammation damages the enzyme-producing cells in the pancreas and can also disrupt or destroy the endocrine function of the pancreas by causing diffuse... 

Glucose intolerance may occur because of chronic destruction of the endocrine function of the pancreas.35... 

The pancreas is a small retroperitoneal organ located behind the stomach on the posterior abdominal wall.1,3 The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exact nationwide prevalence of all diseases of the pancreas has not been fully quantified however, DM, both types 1 and 2, affect nearly 21 million people in the United States alone. Some reasons for pancreas transplants include ... 

Kidney glomeruli, GI tract mucosa, exocrine and endocrine glands, certain tumors, pertibular capillaries, choroid plexus, pancreas, intestinal wall Sinusoidal... 

The pancreas is an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland. The exocrine tissue produces a bicarbonate solution and digestive enzymes. These substances are transported to the small intestine where they play a role in the chemical digestion of food. These functions are fully discussed in Chapter 18 on the digestive system. 

Secretin Endocrine cells in mucosa of duodenum Acid in duodenum Inhibits gastric emptying and gastric secretion stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from pancreas stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich bile from liver... 

M. Shichiri, Y. Yamasaki, N. Hakui, and H. Abe, Wearable artificial endocrine pancreas with needle-type glucose sensor. Lancet 2, 1129-1131 (1982). 

Ectopic ACTH syndrome refers to excessive ACTH production resulting from an endocrine or nonendocrine tumor, usually of the pancreas, thyroid, or lung (e.g., small-cell lung cancer). 

Uncommon causes of diabetes (1% to 2% of cases) include endocrine disorders (e.g., acromegaly, Cushing s syndrome), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), diseases of the exocrine pancreas (e.g., pancreatitis), and medications (e.g., glucocorticoids, pentamidine, niacin, and a-interferon). 

Endocrine Effects. Histopathological examination of endocrine tissues (thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pituitary, pancreas) after intermediate-duration inhalation exposure revealed no treatment-related lesions in male Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to 500 ppm n-hexane daily for 6 months, 22 hours a day (IRDC 1981) or in Fischer 344 rats of both sexes exposed to up to 10,000 ppm for 6 hours a day,... 

Pancreas A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]... 

Krenacs, T., DobU, E., and Laszik, Z. (1990) Characteristics of endocrine pancreas in chronic pancreatitis as revealed by simnltaneons immnnocytochemical demonstration of hormone prodnction. J. Histotechnol. 13, 213-218. 

Figure 3.20 A plot of the percentage of maximal activity of glucokinase and hexokinase against the glucose concentration. Hexokinase is present in most if not all cells. Glucokinase is only present in hepatocytes and p-cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas (known as the endocrine pancreas). The enzyme is physiologically very important in both tissues e.g. a low activity in the p-cells can be a cause of one type of diabetes mellitus.

Glutamine, along with glucose, can stimulate insulin secretion by the endocrine pancreas. The significance of this is the regulation of the plasma glutamine concentration is not known. 

---