Cerebellum Cerebral cortex

Figure 3.3 A Flatlander would see the edge of your head as it intersected their universe. (In this slice of a fresh cadaver, we can see the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, brainstem, and nasal passages, although a Flatlander would just see the outer edge of the cross section.)...

Benzodiazepines potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA and neurophysiological studies have identified specific benzodiazepine binding sites in the cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and limbic system.4 These sites are located in a complex protein macromolecule that includes GABAareceptors and a chloride channel. Binding of benzodiazepines is modulated by both GABA and chloride. 

Adrenal Bladder Blood cells Bone marrow Breast Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Colon... 

A THC tetrahydrocannabinol is the major psychoactive ingredient in the Cannabisplant. A THC is responsible for both the psychiahic and therapeutic effects obtained from marijuana. Its receptor, the cannabinoid receptor, is located mainly tat the presynaptic gap. The areas of the brain most affected are the basal ganglia, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and the hippocampus. The acute effects consist of degradation in short term memory, changes in sensory perception, reduced concenhation, disturbances in motor abilities, hypothermia, increased blood pressure and heart rate, and reduced pain perception. 

Altered migration and differentiation of neurons Cell migration - cerebellum Cerebral cortex and hippocampus Stunted dendritic and axonal growth and maturation Purkinje cells Dendritic spine number Delayed and poor deposition of myelin Reduced axonal number Thyroid hormone receptors... 

Johanson CE. 1980. Permeability and vascularity of the developing brain Cerebellum vs cerebral cortex. Brain Res 190 3-16. 

The distribution of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate was evaluated in the brains of cats given a single intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg endosulfan (Khanna et al. 1979). Peak concentrations of endosulfan in the brain were found at the earliest time point examined (15 minutes after administration) and then decreased. When tissue levels were expressed per gram of tissue, little differential was observed in distribution among the brain areas studied. However, if endosulfan levels were expressed per gram of tissue lipid, higher initial levels were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum than in the spinal cord and brainstem. Loss of endosulfan was most rapid from those areas low in Upid. Endosulfan sulfate levels peaked in the brain at 1 hour postadministration. In contrast, endosulfan sulfate levels in liver peaked within 15 minutes postadministration. The time course of neurotoxic effects observed in the animals in this study corresponded most closely with endosulfan levels in the central nervous system tissues examined. 

Autoradiography and receptor mRNA studies have shown Hi receptors to be located in most of the brain areas innervated by the ascending histaminergic axons, e.g. cerebral cortex, hippocampus, limbic areas and hypothalamus. Their presence in the cerebellum is not accompanied by appropriate histaminergic innervation. Very few are found in the striatum but this region does show a high density of H2 receptors. H2 receptors are also found with Hi in the cortex, hippocampus and limbic areas, but not in the hypothalamus. Although basically presynaptic the H3 receptor is also found postsynaptically in the striatum and cerebral cortex (Pollard et al. 1993). 

Basu N, Stamler CJ, Loua KM, Chan HM. 2005a. An interspecies comparison of mercury inhibition on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 205 71-76. 

The extrapyramidal motor system controls muscle movement through a system of pathways and nerve tracts that connect the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and spinal neurons. Patients with PD lose dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra, which is located in the midbrain within the brain stem. The substantia... 

Caffeine stimulates secretion of serotonin in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. 

Cannabinoid receptors are expressed throughout the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and a subpopulation of these cells appear to show an unusually high level of activity. It is possible that cells in these areas modulate the sensory effects of cannabis, particularly the effects on perception, task performance and memory. In addition, the anticonvulsant properties of cannabis are believed to be mediated here. Parts of the hypothalamus show high levels of receptor sites for cannabinoids this may be related to hypothermia effects. High levels in the cerebellum may be related to mediating the property of cannabinoids that produces the reduction in ataxic (muscle co-ordination) symptoms in certain disorders (Herkenham et al., 1991). 

Both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors are widespread in the CNS. Muscarinic receptors with a high affinity for pirenzepine (PZ), M, receptors, predominate in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, whereas M2 receptors predominate in the cerebellum and brainstem, and M4 receptors are most abundant in the striatum. Central muscarinic and nicotinic receptors are targets of intense pharmacological interest for their potential roles in regulating abnormal neurological signaling in Alzheimer s disease, Parkinson s disease and certain seizure disorders. Nicotinic receptors are largely localized at prejunctional sites and control the release of neurotransmitters [10,11],... 

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