Structure limbic

Major efferent projections of the hypothalamic orexin system comprise descending and ascending, dorsal and ventral pathways that terminate preferentially in aminergic, endocrine, and autonomic control centers in the hypothalamus, midbrain, brainstem, and spinal cord, as well as in limbic cortical and subcortical structures, including sqDtum, amygdala, thalamus,... 

The diffuse nature of orexinergic projections is consistent with combined patterns of expression of the two orexin receptors, which is widespread but differential and often complementary within and even outside the CNS. OX2Rs are found primarily in structures attributed to control of sleq)-wake functions, whereas OXIRs are more abundant in limbic structures controlling aspects of feeding, autonomic outflow, energy homeostasis, and to a lesser extent also REM-sleq). 

High amounts of somatostatin are found in the CNS, the peripheral nervous system, the gut and the endocrine pancreas whereas the kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, submandibular glands, prostate and placenta produce rather low amounts. In particular, the hypothalamus, all limbic structures, the deeper layers of the cerebral cortex, the striatum, the periaqueductal central grey and all levels of the major sensoty pathway are brain areas that are especially rich in somatostatin. Eighty percent of the somatostatin immunoreactivity in the hypothalamus is found in cells of the anterior periventricular nucleus (Fig. 1, [1]). The gut 5 cells of the mucosa and neurons, which are intrinsic to the submucous and... 

Our first studies with compounds that alter Glu neurotransmission were not targeted at decreasing brain excitability. Rather, as noted above, we used the limbic hypermetabolism induced by non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists to test whether an increase in the metabolic rate of these limbic structures... 

Limbic system A network of brain structures involved in the regulation of a number of behavioural functions. 

Median forebrain bundle A bundle of monoaminergic neuronal axons travelling from the brainstem through the diencephalon to various limbic structures. 

Monoamine oxidase type B activity is increased / Glutamate pathways of the cortex and limbic structures are abnormal... 

Note The limbic system is made up of several brain structures, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and basal forebrain (Figure 1.3b). 

Figure 1.3b This cross-section of the human brain shows additional major structures. Note that the limbic system, which controls emotions, is made up of structures including the amygdala and hippocampus at the core of the brain.

DA receptors are classified as D1 to D5. Bromocriptine and pergolide act as agonists at certain subtypes, and neuroleptics such as haloperidol and thorazine act as antagonists. It is produced by several nuclei in the brain, but most notably the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. The substantia nigra mainly projects to the basal ganglia and the VTA supplies limbic and cortical structures. 

Morphine has anxiolytic effects in humans. Users typically experience a sense of contentment and complacency. This effect is most likely mediated by opioid receptors in limbic structures such as the amygdala (File and Rodgers 1979). 

Servan-Schreiber D, Perlstein WM, Cohen JD, Mintun M. (1998). Selective pharmacological activation of limbic structures in human volunteers a positron emission tomography study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 10(2) 148-59. 

---