Central nervous system , tissue

The distribution of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate was evaluated in the brains of cats given a single intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg endosulfan (Khanna et al. 1979). Peak concentrations of endosulfan in the brain were found at the earliest time point examined (15 minutes after administration) and then decreased. When tissue levels were expressed per gram of tissue, little differential was observed in distribution among the brain areas studied. However, if endosulfan levels were expressed per gram of tissue lipid, higher initial levels were observed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum than in the spinal cord and brainstem. Loss of endosulfan was most rapid from those areas low in Upid. Endosulfan sulfate levels peaked in the brain at 1 hour postadministration. In contrast, endosulfan sulfate levels in liver peaked within 15 minutes postadministration. The time course of neurotoxic effects observed in the animals in this study corresponded most closely with endosulfan levels in the central nervous system tissues examined. 

Simpson JE, Newcombe J, Cuzner ML, Woodroofe MN (1998) Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines by resident glia and inflammatory cells in multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol 84 238-249 Simpson J, Rezaie P, Newcombe J, Cuzner ML, Male D, Woodroofe MN (2000) Expression of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 in multiple sclerosis central nervous system tissue. J Neuroimmunol 108 192-200... 

Simpson J, Rezaie P, Newcombe J, et al. Expression of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 in multiple sclerosis central nervous system tissue. J Neuroimmunol 2000 108 192-200. 

CDC Case Definition Laboratory criteria for diagnosis is (1) a positive direct fluorescent antibody test (preferably performed on central nervous system tissue) or (2) isolation of rabies virus (in cell culture or in a laboratory animal). 

McQuaid, S., Isserte, S., Allan, G. M., Taylor, M. J., Allan, I. V., and Cosby, S. L. 1990. Use of immunocytochemistry and biotinylated in situ hybridization for detecting measles virus in central nervous system tissue. J. Clin. Pathol. 43 329-333. 

Bolton, C., Elderfield, A.J., and R.J. Flower, 1990, The detection of lipocortins 1, 2 and 5 in central nervous system tissues from Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. J Neuroim-munol. 29( 1—3) 173—81. 

In addition to the obvious deactivating role of deiodinases, there has been recent evidence that a relationship exists between regulation of deiodination of thyroid hormones in target cells and the intracellular effects of T4 and T3 on pituitary and hypothalamus function. In the rat pituitary, and probably the human, type-II deiodinase-catalyzed conversion of T4 to T3 is a prerequisite for inhibition of TRH release. rT3, produced from T4 by type-III deiodinase, is a potent inhibitor of type-II deiodinase. In a postulated regulatory circuit, rT3 formed from T4 by type-III deiodinase in surrounding CNS (Central Nervous System) tissue enters the pituitary and inhibits type-II enzyme. The resulting decrease in T3 concentration, in turn, causes an increase in TSH secretion49. 

Ammonia enters tissue of the central nervous system by passive difhision. The rate of entry increases in proportion to the plasma concentration and is dependent on pH. As pH increases, the rate of entry of ammonia into the central nervous system tissue increases. This is thought to be because an increase in pH produces a shift to the right in the equilibrium... 

Logan, A. and Berry, M., Cellular response of central nervous system tissue to invasive therapeutic measures, Methods Neurosci., 21, 3, 1994. 

Central Nervous System Tissue in Meat Products... 

Hossner, K.L., Yemm, R.S., Sonnenshein, S.E., Mason, G.L., Cummings, B.A., Reddy, M.C.S., Sofos, J.N., Scanga, J.A., Tatum, J.D., Smith, G.C., and Belk, K.E. 2006. Comparison of immunochemical (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and immunohistochemical methods for the detection of central nervous system tissue in meat products, f. Food Prot. 69, 644—650. 

Lucker, E., Eigenbrodt, E., Wenisch, S., Leiser, R., and Bulte, M. 1999. Identification of central nervous system tissue in retail meat products. /. Food Prot. 63, 258-263. 

Niederer, M. and Bollhalder, R. 2001. Identification of species-specific central nervous system tissue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)—A possible method for supervision of meat products and cosmetics. Mitt. Lebansm. Hyg. 92, 133-144. As reported by Biedermann et al. (2002). Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wschr. 15,131-134. 

Prendergast, D M., Sheridan, J.J., Daly, D.J., McDowell, D.A., and Blair, I.S. 2003. Dissemination of central nervous system tissue from the brain and spinal cord of cattle after captive bolt stunning and carcass splitting. Meat Sci. 65,1201-1209. 

Schmidt, G.R., Yemm, R.S., Childs, K.D., O Callaghan, J.P., and Hossner, K.L. 2001a. The detection of central nervous system tissue on beef carcasses and in comminuted beef. J. Food Prot. 64, 2047-2052. 

Three genetic disorders Zellweger s syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, and childhood adrenoleukodys-trophy) exhibit defective formation of peroxisomes (in Zellweger s syndrome no morphologically detectable peroxisomes are present) or deficiency of one or more constituent enzymes. All three disorders are characterized by a marked accumulation of very long chain, saturated, unbranched fatty acids (tetracosanoic and hexacosanoic acids) in liver and central nervous system tissues, severe neurological symptoms, and early death. 

Calretinin is a cytoplasmic 31 kD protein, which again was first isolated from central nervous system tissues." 748 jg gggj peripheral nerves in the skin and elsewhere." Otherwise, this polypeptide is rather restricted in distribution, having been detected thus far only in mesothelium," germinal surface epithelium of the ovary," and selected adenocarcinomas (most notably a subset in the colon and rectum).Melanocytic tumors are not included in the list of neoplasms that show potential calretinin immunoreactivity. 

Synthesis of prostaglandins (PGE2 and PGF2 ) and their release into cerebral ventricular fluid have been reported to occur in mammalian central nervous system tissue. Levels of prostaglandins tend to range from 0.1 to 2.5 pg/g tissue. Their presence has been reported in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus, and levels can be enhanced in the presence of norepinephrine and other catecholamines. Thromboxane synthesis has also been reported to occur. The trace amounts of prostacyclin are probably the result of contamination of brain preparations with vascular elements. 

Identification of tissues (e. g., central nervous system tissues in meat products)... 

Abdulmawjood A, Schonenbriicher H, Biilte M (2005). Novel molecular method for detection of bovine-specific central nervous system tissues as bovine spongiform encephalopathy risk material in meat and meat products. J. Mol Diagn., 7 368-374. 

Hughson E, Reece P, Dennis MJ, Oehlschlager S (2003). Comparative evaluation of the performance of two commercial kits for the detection of central nervous system tissue in meat. FoodAddit. Contain., 20 1034-1043. 

Nowak B, MuefflingTV, KuefenA, GanseforthK, SeyboldtC (2005). Detection of bovine central nervous system tissue in liver sausages using a reverse transcriptase PCR technique and a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J. Food Prot., 68 2178-2183. 

Seyboldt C, John A, Mueffling TV, Nowak B, Wenzel S (2003). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for species-specific detection of bovine central nervous system tissue in meat and meat products. J. Food Prot., 66 644—651. 

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