Caudate nucleus cerebral cortex

FIGURE 29-1. Anatomy of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal motor system controls muscle movement through a system of pathways and nerve tracts that connect the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and spinal neurons. Patients with Parkinson s disease have a loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain stem that leads to depletion of dopamine in the corpus striatum. The corpus striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nuclei that are made up of the putamen and the globus pallidus. 

Distribution Caudate/putamen, nucleus Hippocampus, accumbens, olfactory hypothalamus, tubercle, cerebral cortex cerebral cortex Caudate/putamen, nucleus accumbens, midbrain Olfactory tubercle, hypothalamus, Frontal cortex, medulla, midbrain, nucleus accumbens... 

A comprehensive description of the distribution of [3H](R)oc-methylhistamine binding sites in the rat CNS has been given by Pollard et al. (Pollard etal., 1993). In brief, highest densities are observed in the cerebral cortex, the olfactory tubercles, the caudate putamen, the nucleus accumbens and the substantia nigra. Moderate densities are found in the hippocampus, the... 

Structures implicated in the production or maintenance of sleep include the nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal medullary reticular formation, raphe nuclei, thalamus, anterior hypothalamus, preoptic area, basal forebrain, orbitofrontal cortex, caudate nucleus, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex. None of these structures are individually necessary for sleep. No lesion has produced a long lasting total insomnia. After some sleep-reducing lesions, sleep returns toward normal if sufficient time is allowed for recovery. 

A similar pattern of expression of D2 receptor mRNA was found in humans and in the rhesus monkey in the following order of density caudate and putamen, claustrum, SNc, pyramidal cell layer of hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, medial and lateral thalamic nuclei and lateral geniculate nucleus (Meador-Woodruff et al., 1991a Choi et al., 1995 Gurevich et al., 1997). 

Crofts HS, Dailey JW, Collins P, Van Denderen JCM, Everitt BJ, Robbins TW, Roberts AC (2001) Differential effects of 6-OHDA lesions of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus on the ability to acquire an attentional set. Cerebral Cortex 77 1015-1026. 

Fig. 10. Anatomical organization of the dopamine D5 mRNA in the adult human brain (coronal images). The images represent the D5 expression pattern in a whole coronal hemisphere section at a mid-striatal level (A) and a coronal section at the postcommissural striatal level (B). Note the intense D5 mRNA expression primarily in the cerebral cortex (e.g. mOPFC and SF). Moderate to strong labeling is also apparent in the claustrum and anterior amygdala nucleus. aCg, anterior cingulate AAA, anterior amygdala nucleus B, magnocellular basal forebrain complex cc, corpus callosum Cl, claustrum CN, caudate nucleus F, frontal hyp, hypothalamus I, insular cortex OPFC, orbital prefrontal cortex NAc, nucleus accumbens Pu, putamen SF, superior frontal T, temporal cortex.

The areas of the brain that retained the greatest concentrations of the label after intravenous Injection of [ H]BZ Into cats (16) were motor cortex, sensory cortex, caudate nucleus, lateral geniculate, and medial geniculate Smaller concentrations were retained In thalamus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, colliculi, cerebellar cortex, the pyramids of the medulla, cerebral white matter, and cerebellar white matter ... 

Cyclic AMP has been implicated in synaptic transmission due to its actions on a number of important synaptic and neuronal events, such as membrane permeability, synaptic membrane phosphorylation, neurotransmitter synthesis, and cell growth and differentiation. As pointed out earlier, neurotransmitter-receptor interactions can result in direct physical perturbations of the membrane with consequent alterations in membrane permeability to specific ions. This effect is particularly the case when the ionophore is located near the receptor. However, if the ionic channel is distant from the receptor, mechanisms such as phosphorylation can result in an alteration of channel permeability. Cyclic AMP is known to lead to a hyperpolarization of neurons in a number of brain regions such as the cerebral cortex, the caudate nucleus, the peripheral paravertebral sympathetic ganglia, the cerebellar cortex, and the hippocampus. Although it has been hypothesized that this hyperpolarization is the consequence of the phosphorylation of specific neuronal membrane proteins, the relatively short duration of hyperpolarization... 

Histamine immunoreactive neurons have been identified in the tuberal region of the posterior hypothalamus (tuberomammilary nucleus), projecting to nearly all parts of the brain. Three histamine receptors are known histamine-related functions in the central nervous system (CNS) are regulated at postsynaptic sites by the H and H2 receptors, while the H3 receptor exhibits the features of a presynaptic autoreceptor, mediating the synthesis and release of histamine. The Hi receptor is widely distributed in the CNS. It is present in all areas and layers of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, thalamus, hypothalamus, mesencephalon, and lower brainstem and spinal cord. The H2 and H3 receptors are also distributed extensively and in a heterogeneous fashion in the CNS. Regarding the role of histamine in the CNS, there is substantial evidence that it plays a role in control of the sleep/wake cycle. Whether the... 

Dopamine receptors Five different dopamine receptors (Dj-Dj) have been characterized. Each is G protein-coupled and contains seven transmembrane domains. The receptor, found in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, cerebral cortex, and hypothalamus, is negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. The therapeutic efficacy of most of the older antipsychotic drugs correlates with their relative affinity for the receptor. Unfortunately, there is also a correlation between blockade of receptors and extrapyramidal dysfunction. 

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