Cattle feed

Because feed comprises over 80% of the cost of producing and fattening cattle, the maximum utilization of ever increasingly expensive rations is of upmost importance (179). Monensin under the trade name of Rumen sin (Elanco Products) was introduced in 1976 at a recommended level of 30 ppm in cattle feed. Lasalocid having the trade name Bovatec (Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc.) was marketed some years later. 

Cattle feeding on herbage containing 25-50 mg/kg (ppm wt) lead develop excitable jerking of muscles, frothing at the mouth, grinding of teeth, and paralysis of the larynx muscles a "roaring" noise is caused by the paralysis of the muscles in the throat and neck. 

In 1967 Agtarap et al. disclosed the isolation and structure of monensic acid (1).3 Compound 1, now known as monensin, is produced by a strain of Streptomyces cinamonensis, and exhibits broad-spectrum anticoccidial activity. Since its introduction on the market in 1971, monensin has been used very successfully to combat coccidial infections in poultry and as an additive in cattle feed.4 In the polyether family, monensin occupies a position of some historical significance. Although monensin was the fifth polyether... 

The subsequent advance was rather fortuitous and rested more with serendipity than with scientific logic. A search was made for cheaper more effective replacements for casein hydrolysate. Amongst the tested materials was com steep liquor (CSL). CSL is a by-product of the manufacture of starch from maize kemals. Whole maize is incubated in warm water, at 50°C acidified with SO2. Thermophilic bacteria hydrolyse proteins and other components of the kemals, thereby loosening the starch granules. These are removed, leaving behind the steep liquor which is used to treat further maize kemals. Ultimately, the liquor is too viscous to re-use and the liquor is concentrated and used as cattle feed. It was this material that was used for penicillin fermentation. Surprisingly, the yield of penicillin increased by a further 5-10 fold giving yields of 50-100 ig ml. 

The principal source of pollution by polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) has been the commercial mixture Firemaster, which was produced in the United States between 1970 and 1974. Production was discontinued in 1974 following a severe pollution incident in Michigan, when Firemaster was accidentally mixed with cattle feed on a farm. In due course, PBBs entered the human food chain via contaminated animal products. Substantial residues were found in humans from the area, and were snbse-quently found to be highly persistent. 

D MI, Ingham Co. near manure pile in cattle feeding area. 22 14 23 9 0 14 9... 

For protection of domestic cattle, feeds should contain <0.05 mg diflubenzuron/kg FW. Cottonseed may be added to cattle diets provided that diflubenzuron concentrations in the seed do not exceed 0.2 mg/kg FW and that cottonseed composes <17% of the total diet bulk (Gartrell 1981). Diflubenzuron causes biochemical upset, as judged by lowered testosterone levels in chickens and rats (USEPA 1979), altered glutathione 5-transferase activity in mouse liver (which adversely affects the ability to detoxify foreign substances by way of conjugation Young et al. 1986), and disrupted hydroxylamine activity in human infants (USEPA 1979). Additional research seems needed on biochemical alterations induced by diflubenzuron. No diflubenzuron criteria are currently recommended for protection of avian and mammalian wildlife. All data available suggest that wildlife species are about as tolerant to diflubenzuron as are domestic poultry and livestock however, the wildlife database seems inadequate for practicable criteria formulation. 

Consider the analysis of soil from a farmer s field. The farmer wants to know whether he needs to apply a nitrogen-containing fertilizer to his field. It is conceivable that different parts of the field could provide different types of samples in terms of nitrogen content. Suppose there is a cattle feed lot nearby, perhaps uphill from part of the field and downhill from another part of the field such that runoff from the feed lot affects part of the field but not the other part. If the farmer wishes to have an analysis report for the field as a whole, then the sample taken should include combined portions from all parts of the field that may be different (a composite sample) so that it will truly represent the field as a whole. Alternatively, two selective samples could be taken, one from above the feed lot and one from below the feed lot, so that two analyses are performed and reported to the farmer. These would be referred to as selective samples. At any rate, one wants the results of the chemical analysis to be correct for the entire area for which the analysis is intended. 

Vesonder, F. and Horn, B.W., Sterigmatocystin in dairy cattle feed contaminated with Aspergillus versicolor, Appl. Env. Microbiol., 49, 243, 1985. 

Stephens, E. R. Identification of odors from cattle feed lots. Calif. Agric. 25(1) 10-11, 1971. 

Dohi, H., Yamada, A. and Entsu, S. (1991). Cattle feeding deterrents emitted from cattle... 

There are a number of "missing links" in the account. The authors said that "suspect hamburger was not available for culture." Later it was disclosed that nine samples were obtained by Holmberg and were received from South Dakota on April 11, 1983 by CDC. They were examined for the presence of Salmonella. No Salmonella were recovered from any of the specimens, which consisted of six samples of ground beef, two of beef liver and one of Swiss steak. These results were obtained by use of the Freedom of Information Act, and were made public in Food Chemical News, June 10, 1985, p. 45. The cattle feed was not analyzed for chlortetracycline. 

Vitamin E, a natural antioxidant, is essential for growth, disease prevention, tissue integrity and reproduction in all fauna. Natural vitamin E, as it occurs in plants, consists mainly of a-tocopherol (III, R = H) with minor amounts of y-tocopherol (IV), although this ratio can vary as for example in the vegetable oil composition shown in Fig. 5a. In animal husbandry, such as dairy farms or cattle feed lots, the stock diets are commonly supplemented with vitamin E, because processed grain-based cereal fodder, hay, and silage are deficient in vitamin This results in higher levels of a-tocopherol... 

Perry, T.W. (1980) Beef Cattle Feeding and Nutrition. Academic Press, New York, pp. 354-358. 

Proximate analyses, ADF, NDF, minerals and energy values for many cattle feeds are listed by Perry (1980). 

Copper(lI) hydroxide is used as a mordant in pigments for staining paper as an additive to cattle feed as a catalyst as a fungicide and in the preparation of several copper salts. 

Nepal. Decoction of the leaf is taken orally by adults as an anthelmintic" """. The powdered leaf is mixed with cattle feed as a treatment for diarrhea " " . For headache, the dried leaves are ground with Datura stramonium leaves and Picrorhiza schrophu lariflora stem and water then applied externally" " ". The leaf juice is used externally as an antiseptic, as a hemostat on cuts and wounds, and to treat swelling of sprained joints" "". The seeds are crushed, mixed with curd, and taken orally for dysentery" """. Decoction of the seed is taken orally as an anthelmintic" ". To aid in parturition, 2 teaspoonfuls of powdered seeds... 

Kapoor, P. D., and A. K. Pal. Estrogenic activity of pasture plants used as cattle feed. Indian J Exp Biol 1965 3 61-63. 

The bulk of potato tubers is made up of parenchyma cells that have thin, non-lignified, primary cell walls (Reeve et al., 1971 Bush et al, 1999, 2001 Parker et al., 2001). Unless stated to the contrary, potato cell walls refers to parenchyma cell walls. These walls and their component polysaccharides are important for a number of reasons they form part of the total intake of dietary fiber, influence the texture of cooked potato tubers and form much of the waste pulp that is produced in large amounts by the potato starch industry when starch is isolated. The pulp is usually used as cattle feed, but potentially could be processed in a variety of ways to increase its value (Mayer, 1998). For example, the whole cell-wall residues could be used as afood ingredient to alter food texture and to increase its dietary-fiber content, or cell-wall polysaccharides could be extracted and used in a similar way or for various industrial applications (Turquois et al., 1999 Dufresne et al, 2000 Harris and Smith, 2006 Kaack et al., 2006). 

In countries where a strong environmental regulation for industrial wastewater exists, purification of waste streams from potato factories regarding both the fruit water and the pulp is required. Several attempts have been made to dehydrate the by-products and to utilize them for different purposes. Its high moisture content (80%) requires an expensive drying due to the problem of spoilage, if left untreated. The starch industry tries to sell as much pulp as possible as wet or partially dried cattle feed. However, the need for potato pulp by farmers is limited. Potato pulp is being used as cattle feed as well as a solid-state fermentation media for the production of different biomolecules. Conventional applications of potato pulp are listed in Table 16.2. 

Pulp supplemented by potato proteins or other Cattle feed... 

The indirect source of PBBs in soil was the contaminated farms in Michigan. Approximately 650 pounds (290 kg) of PBBs were mixed in cattle feeds that were delivered to Michi n farms during 1973 1974 (Fries 1985b). About 50% of this amount was excreted in the feces of the exposed animals and remained on the famis in places of fecal deposition and manure disposal (Fries 1985b). Soil in fields that received contaminated manure contained as high as 300 g/kg PBBs, whereas soil in resurfaced cattle exercise lots contained as high as 1,000 2,000 g/kg of PBBs (Fries 1985b). 

Clenbuterol residues were detected in a total of 154 samples. Yearly results according to the kind of outlet are summarized in Table 13.20. As shown by these data, the number of positive samples increases with the number of the samples analyzed. This fact proves an extended illegal use of this substance in the Basque areas of Spain that is higher than that of other drugs illegally used in cattle feeding. 

Different sample materials including urine, feces, cattle feed, tissues, hair, eyes, and bile are offered for monitoring tire illegal use of -agonists. In determining... 

Franz, E., van Diepeningen, A.D., de Vos, O.J. and van Bruggen, A.H.C. 2005. Effects of cattle feeding regimen and soil management type on the fate of Escherichia coli O157 H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in manure, manure-amended soil, and lettuce. Applied Environmental Microbiology 71 6165-6174. 

Sewage wastes contain as much as 4 ppm of vitamin Bi2 (Hoover et al. 1952B Miner and Wolnak 1953). Although frowned on for aesthetic reasons as a source of vitamin Bi2 for human nutrition, wastes from activated sludge processes may well provide the cheapest source for preparation of vitamin Bi2 concentrates used in cattle feed. Symbiotic growth of lactic and acetic acid bacteria has been recommended for producing sour milk products biologically enriched with vitamin Bi2 (Rykshina 1961). Acetic acid bacteria cultured in whey fortified with cobalt salts led to an 80-fold increase in vitamin B12. Propionic acid bacteria in skim milk supplemented with dimethylbenzimidazole increased the vitamin content by 300-fold. 

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