Solid-State Fermentations

Reeta Rani Singhania, Anil Kumar Patel, Leya Thomas, and Ashok Pandey 

For the food industry, SSF has its credibihty as one of the oldest known processes. SSF has been associated with production of traditional fermented foods such as koji, Indonesian tempeh, and Indian ragi. The oldest known fermentation of rice hy Aspergillus oryzae was used to initiate the koji process the mold Penicillium roquefortii has been used for cheese production for 4000 years, and soja sauce has been produced in Asia and bread in Egypt since 3000 years ago [3,10], and all these mark the importance ofthe process. SSF got totally neglected 

Industrial Biotechnology Products and Processes, First Edition. Edited by Christoph Wittmann and Janies C. Liao. 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA. 

The fundamental aspects as well as design and operations of SSF have been well elaborated by Pandey et al. [3, 4, 11]. These include the selection of the microorganism, specific growth rate, biomass measurement, and so on, which also have been described by several other authors [12-15]. 

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Citric Acid Production in Solid State Fermentation... 

Figure 9.10 shows the flow diagram for production of citric acid in solid-state fermentation. The basis of calculation is 1500 kg citric acid. 

Fig. 9.10. Flow sheet for citric acid in solid-state fermentation.

Mass is balanced at the beginning and the end of process. The evaporated water in solid-state fermentation may not be required for energy balance. 

Marigold petals are rich sources of xanthophyUs, mainly lutein esters. To increase the coloring power, chemical extraction of the colorant from flower meal is performed or a new enzymatic procedure is applied. It was shown that treatment with cellulases or mixed saprophyte microorganisms or solid state fermentation improved the xanthophyll extraction yield. ... 

Novel solid-state fermentation and biomass conversion... 

Pandey A, Selvakumar P, Soccol CR, Nigam P (1999) Solid-State fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes. Curr Sci 77 149-162... 

Kalyuzhnyi, S., A. Veeken, and B. Hamelers (2000), Two-particle model of anaerobic solid state fermentation, Water Set Tech., 41(3), 43-50. 

Production of Trichoderma reesei Cellulase System with High Hydrofytic Potential by Solid-State Fermentation... 

A literature survey indicated that very little work has been done to produce an optimal cellulase system as described above. Here, we used solid-state fermentation (SSF) to achieve this objective. SSF processes, such as the "koji" process, have been used extensively for amylase production on wheat bran in Japan its application was extended to cellulase production on wheat bran and Ugnocellulosic materials by Toyama (13), Since then, wheat bran has become an important substrate for producing various products by SSF (14-20), In this study, we tested various lignocellulosic substrates for the production of cellulase and )3-glucosidase from T, reesei QMY-1 by SSF. 

Bauer, W. and Kunz, B., Solid-state fermentation in food industry, in Chmiel, H., Hammes, W.P. and Bailey, J.E., (eds.). Biochemical engineering, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1987, 228-241. 

In countries where a strong environmental regulation for industrial wastewater exists, purification of waste streams from potato factories regarding both the fruit water and the pulp is required. Several attempts have been made to dehydrate the by-products and to utilize them for different purposes. Its high moisture content (80%) requires an expensive drying due to the problem of spoilage, if left untreated. The starch industry tries to sell as much pulp as possible as wet or partially dried cattle feed. However, the need for potato pulp by farmers is limited. Potato pulp is being used as cattle feed as well as a solid-state fermentation media for the production of different biomolecules. Conventional applications of potato pulp are listed in Table 16.2. 

Mukherjee, A. K., Adhikari, H., Rai, S. K. (2008). Rroduction of alkaline protease by a thermophilic Bacillus subtilis under solid-state fermentation (SSF) condition using Imperata cylindrical grass and potato peel as low-cost medium Characterization and application of enzyme in detergent formulation. Biochem. Engg. J.,39, 353-361. 

Rama Mohan Reddy, P, Ramesh, B., Mrudula, S., Reddy, G., Seenayya, G. (2003). Production of thermostable (3-amylase by Clostridium thermosulfurogenes SV2 in solid-state fermentation Optimization of nutrient levels using response surfaee methodology. Process Biochem., 39, 267-277. 

Solid-state fermentation Less effluent generation Heat and mass-transfer limitations... 

Crestini, C., Kovac, B., and Sermanni, G. G. (1996). Production and isolation of chitosan from submerged and solid state fermentation from Lentinus edodes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 50, 207-210. 

Until about 1950, the predominant method of producing industrial enzymes was by extraction from animal or plant sources by 1993, this accounts for less than 10%. With the exception of trypsin, chymosin, papain [9001-73-2], and a few others, industrial enzymes are now produced by microorganisms grown in aqueous suspension in large vessels, ie, by fermentation (qv). A small (5%) fraction is obtained by surface culture, ie, solid-state fermentation, of microorganisms (13). 

Masaphy, S., D. Levanon, and Y. Henis (1996). Degradation of atrazine by the lignocellulolytic fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius during solid-state fermentation. Bioresource Technol., 56 207-214. 

Effect of Temperature, Moisture, and Carbon Supplementation on Lipase Production by Solid-State Fermentation of Soy Cake by Penicillium simplicissimum... 

Index Entries Solid-state fermentation lipase Penicillium, soy cake olive oil moisture. 

Roukas, T. 2000. Citric and Gluconic Acid Production from Fig by Aspergillus niger Using Solid-State Fermentation. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 25, 298-304. 

Sabu, A., Pandey, A., Jaafar Daud, M. and Szakacs, G. (2005) Tamarind seed powder and palm kernel cake two novel agro residues for the production of tannase under solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 1 6620. Bioresource Technology 96(1 1), 1223-1228. 

Holker U, Hofer M, Lenz J (2004) Biotechnological advantages of laboratory-scale solid-state fermentation with fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 64 175-186... 

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