Scientific logic

The subsequent advance was rather fortuitous and rested more with serendipity than with scientific logic. A search was made for cheaper more effective replacements for casein hydrolysate. Amongst the tested materials was com steep liquor (CSL). CSL is a by-product of the manufacture of starch from maize kemals. Whole maize is incubated in warm water, at 50°C acidified with SO2. Thermophilic bacteria hydrolyse proteins and other components of the kemals, thereby loosening the starch granules. These are removed, leaving behind the steep liquor which is used to treat further maize kemals. Ultimately, the liquor is too viscous to re-use and the liquor is concentrated and used as cattle feed. It was this material that was used for penicillin fermentation. Surprisingly, the yield of penicillin increased by a further 5-10 fold giving yields of 50-100 ig ml. 

The developed methodology is underlined, but this is not to underestimate the importance and interest of the prescribed (ie mandatory) approach. This methodology conforms to technical and scientific logic, and takes into account the quality of criteria, in the statistical sense of the term. The approach presented tends to evaluate the levels of risk, as defined, quantitatively rather than qualitatively, in progressive steps. 

The influence of this work was epoch-making and did more than any other work of the century to arouse a truly critical spirit of scientific logic in chemical thinking. The book is written in the form of a discussion among a group of scientific friends, Carneades representing the sceptical chemist Themistus, the exponent of the Aristotelian or Peripatetic four elements Philoponus, the defender of the three Paracelsan principles, Eleutherius an independent and open-minded participant, and I, the anonymous reporter of the conversation.27... 

Tests of validity should be based upon the appropriateness and quality of the test design the manner in which the research is executed documentation and records to support scientific logic and expertise exhibited in the evaluations and conclusions reported."... 

Much has been written in the past 10 years on traceability in chemical analyses but most of these contributions can be classified as scientifically logical or politically correct. Less can be considered as operationally relevant and useful for end-users [1]. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to this topic by addressing practical aspects of the traceability of chemical measurements, considering routine analytical methodologies of field laboratories, in a specific case of environmental analysis. 

Prospective Cohort Study Prospective cohort studies are no different in principle from historical cohort studies in terms of scientific logic, the major differences being timing and methodology. The study starts with a group of apparently healthy individuals whose health and exposure are studied over a period of time. As it is possible to define in advance the information that is to be collected, prospective studies are theoretically more reliable than retrospective studies. However, long periods of observation may be required to obtain results. 

The benefits of probiotics are often demonstrated under defined experimental laboratory conditions, but these beneficial effects fail to materialize in clinical trials, often because the trials are not properly controlled or consist of too few subjects. Large, double-blind, clinical trials are essential for establishing the practical and scientific logic of the probiotic concept. 

Other biographical evidence suggests that all of these accounts could be factual. Despite the quality of his work, it therefore reflects very negatively on Einstein as an authority and his personal opinions are immaterial in the face of scientific logic. 

The first preparations of calcium polyphosphate fibers were orchestrated following a preplanned approach that was altered as results demanded. Conversely, sodium calcium polyphosphate fibers were discovered. Rather than following a calculated scientific logic we were exploring. We were prospecting a phase diagram around calcium metaphosphate compositions. This discovery was blind luck and it was not obvious that these crystals contained fibers until they were milled for analyses. 

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