Sewage wastes

Table 12.22 Analysis of communal influents to sewage waste-water purification plants...

Bromine chloride (BrCl) is an irritating red, smelly liquid used to treat industrial and sewage wastes. 

Sewage wastes contain as much as 4 ppm of vitamin Bi2 (Hoover et al. 1952B Miner and Wolnak 1953). Although frowned on for aesthetic reasons as a source of vitamin Bi2 for human nutrition, wastes from activated sludge processes may well provide the cheapest source for preparation of vitamin Bi2 concentrates used in cattle feed. Symbiotic growth of lactic and acetic acid bacteria has been recommended for producing sour milk products biologically enriched with vitamin Bi2 (Rykshina 1961). Acetic acid bacteria cultured in whey fortified with cobalt salts led to an 80-fold increase in vitamin B12. Propionic acid bacteria in skim milk supplemented with dimethylbenzimidazole increased the vitamin content by 300-fold. 

Substitute Natural Gas. The oil crisis of the 1970s spawned a number of attempts to create synthetic natural gas. Some of these processes reached pilot and demonstration plant stages and beyond in their development. For example, substitute natural gas (SNG) from sewage wastes has enjoyed impressive success. The anaerobic digestion of a solid waste and water or sewage sludge slimy will produce a methane-rich gas. 

The free floating aquatic plant, Eichhomia crassipes (MART.) Solms, the water hyacinth, is a highly prolific weed that infests many waterways in the southern USA, Africa and Asia. This plant has the ability to take up metals from solution and to reduce BOD, and has been used successfully to treat lagoon effluent and sewage waste (Wolverton and McDonald, 1979 Haider et al., 1984 Farago and Parsons, 1985 Nor, 1990). It appears to be one of the most generally tolerant plants known and can also be used to assess contamination in water (Farago et al., 1989). 

The electrochemical Incineration of synthetic sewage waste in 12M H2SO4 or urine was studied by Kaba et al. [30]. At a potential of 1.8 V vs. NHE, a 95% reduction in total organic carbon (TOC) occurred on lead dioxide electrodes after 90 h of operation. The addition of a Ce /Ce redox couple to the electrolyte caused a fivefold increase in the current density but only a 1.5-fold increase in the destruction rate. The use of ultrasound also resulted in an increase in the current density and destruction rate. 

Previous to the 1950s, there was not much awareness of organic water quality and the importance of humic substances in water. Although the phenomenon of water coloration and staining, taste, and odor problems in drinking water, and the ability of streams to assimilate sewage wastes were... 

Marshall, D.E. (1970) Characteristics of Spartina marsh receiving municipal sewage waste. MSc thesis. University of Carolina, USA. 

Annual N accumulation in sewage wastes — 6 kg/capita Annual accumulation flux — 276987 tons... 

In addition to receiving fresh water, large quantities of wastes and sediment are inserted into the Sound. The injection of sewage wastes and, for comparison, the inflow of fresh water, along the axis of the Sound is shown in Fig. 11 (after Bowman, 1975). New York City is the dominant source of wastes and, because they are inserted where the natural circulation is weakest, they represent the main cause of environmental degradation of the Sound at the present time. Bowman (1976a) has shown how this problem could be resolved by the construction of tidal locks across the East River. The principal source of sediment entering the... 

ROYCHOWDHURY, S., COX, D., Hydrogen Production Potential From Sewage Waste, Proc. New Energy Systems Conversion, (3rd Int. Conf., Kazan, 1997) 59-62. 

Plumbing waste line- Plastic pipe used to collect and drain sewage waste. 

By the year 2025, dispose of all sewage, waste waters and solid waste in conformity with national or international environmental quality guidelines... 

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