Animal contaminant

Yes. Vaccinia vaccine is recommended for laboratory workers who directly handle cultures, animals contaminated or infected with, nonhighly attenuated vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from nonhighly attenuated vaccinia strains, or other orthopoxviruses that infect humans. These would include monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, and variola. Other health-care workers, such as physicians and nurses whose contact with nonhighly attenuated vaccinia viruses is limited to contaminated materials such as medical dressings but who adhere to appropriate infection control measures, are at lower risk for accidental infection than laboratory workers. However, because a theoretical risk for infection exists, vaccination can be offered to this group. Vaccination is not recommended for people who do not directly handle nonhighly attenuated virus cultures or materials or who do not work with animals contaminated or infected with these viruses. 

Because they are not likely to move through the soil, very little will get into underground water. Mirex and chlordecone can stay in soil, water, and sediment for years. Both compounds are slowly broken down in soil, water, and sediment. Mirex is broken down more quickly than chlordecone. Mirex is broken down to photomirex, which can also cause harmful health effects. Photomirex is even more poisonous than mirex. It is produced when sunlight reacts with mirex in water or in the air. Fish or animals that live in waters that contain mirex or chlordecone, or that eat other animals contaminated with mirex or chlordecone, can build up these substances in their bodies. The amounts of mirex and chlordecone in their bodies may be several times greater than the amount in their prey or in the surrounding water. See Chapter 3 for more information on the chemical and physical properties of mirex and chlordecone. See Chapter 5 for more information on their occurrence and what happens to them in the environment. 

Cells in culture are susceptible to microbial contamination from various sources. The cell line itself can contain viruses derived from the animal it originates from. Other sources of animal contamination are sera, additives to the culture media, or porcine trypsin used for detachment of adherent cells. Operators represent another contamination source. Bacterial and fungal contamination should be tested in 1% of the total number of ampoules, but not less than in two ampoules of MCB and WCB, according to the protocols described in the European, Japanese, or American... 

Note Extraneous matter includes, but is not restricted to stones, dirt, wire, string, stems, sticks, non-toxic foreign seeds, excreta, manure and animal contamination. 

Clostridium novyi type A, a bacterium that was associated with serious infection during the two World Wars, killed 35 injecting heroin users in Britain and Ireland (49). Clostridium novyi type A is present in soil and dust and is a well-recognized cause of infection in sheep, cattle, and other animals. Contaminated batches of heroin from a common source were believed to be responsible for the recent outbreak. The bacteria were able to survive the process of preparation for injection. All recent cases occurred after intramuscular injection, which provides the requisite anerobic conditions for infection. This was the first time that this organism caused an outbreak of infection in drug injectors. In all, 74 cases with the same clinical features were reported. 

Picloram is either a colorless powder or crystalline solid having very low vapor pressure, making inhalation exposure unlikely unless the dust is inhaled. Exposure to picloram occurs mainly through its manufacture and its use as a herbicide in forests. Environmental exposures in humans occur when forest visitors or others not directly involved in spray operations come in contact with spray or sprayed foliage, inhale spray mist, eat plants or animals contaminated with the herbicide, or drink water containing the herbicide. A suggested no-adverse-effect level is 1.05 mg 1. ... 

Secondary hazards to pathogens identifies potential indirect dangers associated with contact with infected or contaminated individuals, animals, plants, or materials. These hazards include residual bacterial/fungal spores, contact with bodily fluids from infected individuals/animals, contact with fecal material from infected individuals/animals, contaminated fomites, as well as the vector cycle for pathogens that can be transmitted naturally via insects. 

Sources of C. difficile food contamination might include transfer of spores from the gut to the musculature of healthy or diseased animals, contamination at slaughter, contamination at processing and packaging, or contamination in the local retail market. In fact, each of these sources may contribute to a greater or lesser extent to the final contamination level in meat and meat products. 

Eugster (2003, 2004) reported applications of the method for the detection of contaminations of animal origin in vegetable samples. The analysis of food control samples of cereal flours, cereal dust, and cereal products resulted in several findings of animal contamination by small rodents and insects. In vegetable feedstuffs with the... 

Purity control of an herbal drug is not only relevant for the quality of a finished herbal medicinal product, but also for its safety. According to the Ph. Eur. herbal drugs are, as far as possible, free from impurities such as soU, dust, dirt and other contaminants such as fungal, insect and other animal contaminants and that they are not subject to decay. 

A coliform not common in papermaking systems is Escherichia coli. E. coli is closely associated with fecal contamination. If E. coli is found in the paper system, it indicates that sewer lines are entering process waters, or that faecal waste from birds or other animals contaminates the system. 

In livestock, the consumption of aflatoxins in feed leads to a number of problems, which are then reflected in negative impacts on performance. Chronic exposure to aflatoxins leads to reduced growth and greater susceptibility to infections. This condition is often referred to as total failure to thrive. An extreme consequence of giving animals contaminated feed is lethal acute poisoning. 

Plutonium (Pu) is an artificial element of atomic number 94 that has its main radioactive isotopes at 2 °Pu and Pu. The major sources of this element arise from the manufacture and detonation of nuclear weapons and from nuclear reactors. The fallout from detonations and discharges of nuclear waste are the major sources of plutonium contamination of the environment, where it is trapped in soils and plant or animal life. Since the contamination levels are generally very low, a sensitive technique is needed to estimate its concentration. However, not only the total amount can be estimated. Measurement of the isotope ratio provides information about its likely... 

Maintenance of conditions ia the culture environment that keep stress to a minimum is one of the best methods of a voiding diseases. Vacciaes have beea developed agaiast several diseases and more are under development. Selective breeding of animals with disease resistance has met with only limited success. Good sanitation and disiafection of contaminated faciUties are important avoidance and control measure. Some disiafectants are Hsted ia Table 6. Poad soils can be sterilized with burnt lime (CaO), hydrated lime [Ca(OH)2], or chlorine compounds (12). 

Repeated exposures of animals to high (near-lethal) concentrations of vapors result in inflammation of the respiratory tract, as weU as degenerative changes in the Hver, kidneys, and heart muscle. These effects arise at concentrations far above those causing irritation. Such effects have not been reported in humans. The low odor threshold and irritating properties of acrylates cause humans to leave a contaminated area rather than tolerate the irritation. 

Ain pollution (qv), lecognized in the National Ambient Aii Quality Standards (NAAQS) as being chaiactetized by a time—dosage lelationship, is defined as the presence in the atmosphere (or ambient ain) of one or more contaminants of such quantity and duration as may be injutious to human, plants, or animal life, property, or conduct of business (1,2). Thus, ain pollutants may be rendered less harmhil by reducing the concentration of contaminants, the exposure time, or both. 

The extension of the useful storage life of plant and animal products beyond a few days at room temperature presents a series of complex biochemical, physical, microbial, and economic challenges. Respiratory enzyme systems and other enzymes ia these foods continue to function. Their reaction products can cause off-davors, darkening, and softening. Microbes contaminating the surface of plants or animals can grow ia cell exudates produced by bmises, peeling, or size reduction. Fresh plant and animal tissue can be contaminated by odors, dust, iasects, rodents, and microbes. 

Microscopists in every technical field use the microscope to characterize, compare, and identify a wide variety of substances, eg, protozoa, bacteria, vimses, and plant and animal tissue, as well as minerals, building materials, ceramics, metals, abrasives, pigments, foods, dmgs, explosives, fibers, hairs, and even single atoms. In addition, microscopists help to solve production and process problems, control quaUty, and handle trouble-shooting problems and customer complaints. Microscopists also do basic research in instmmentation, new techniques, specimen preparation, and appHcations of microscopy. The areas of appHcation include forensic trace evidence, contamination analysis, art conservation and authentication, and asbestos control, among others. 

Milk may be a carrier of diseases from animals or from other sources to humans. To avoid contamination before pasteurization, healthy animals should be separated from sick animals or those with infected udders. The animals should be clean, kept in clean housing with clean air, and handled by workers and equipment under strictly sanitary conditions. Post-pasteurization contamination can occur as a result of improper handling, due to exposure to contaminated air, improperly sanitized equipment, or an infected worker. 

Plant and animal life are monitored regularly at such faciHties. On the other hand, the potential, however small, of radioactive contamination of the environment in case of a reactor accident in which containment is breached does exist. 

The term oil includes a variety of liquid or easily liquefiable, unctuous, combustible substances that are soluble in ether but not in water and that leave a greasy stain on paper and cloth. These substances can include animal, vegetable, and synthetic oils, but usually the word oil refers to a mineral oil produced from petroleum (qv). An oil that has been used or contaminated, or both, but not consumed, can often be recycled to regain a useful material, regardless of its origin. For the purposes of this article, only the recycling of used petroleum oils is considered. 

To further improve the general safety standards, the Delaney Clause was included in the Pood Additives Amendment of 1958. The Delaney Clause states that no food additive or color additive can be deemed safe if it has been found to induce cancer when ingested by humans or animals (23). The Clause acts as an absolute prohibition on the use of any additive found to cause cancer without any regard for whether, or to what extent, the substance is hazardous to human health. As scientific advances continue, both in the realm of food technology and analysis of previously undetected contaminants, the... 

Indicator plants generally have an offensive odor, which varies with the selenium concentration. Other vegetable matter grown on seleniferous soils may have a sufficiently high selenium content to be toxic when ingested by animals or humans. Apart from appearance in these seleniferous plants, selenium has been considered as a variable contaminant. Selenium is a necessary micronutrient in living organisms, needed by humans as well as animals (see Mineral NUTHiENTs). 

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