United States between

Data for the production and sales of maleic anhydride and fumaric acid ia the United States between 1979 and 1992 are shown ia Table 5. Production of maleic anhydride during this time grew - 2% on average per year. Production of fumaric acid has declined during the same period as customers have switched to the less cosdy maleic anhydride when possible. All production of maleic anhydride in the United States in 1992 was from butane-based plants which used fixed-bed reactor technology as shown in Table 6. The number of fumaric acid producers has been reduced considerably since the early 1980s with only two producers left in the United States in 1992 as shown in Table 6. Pfizer shut down its fumaric acid plant at the end of 1993. However, Bartek of Canada will start up an expanded fumaric acid faciUty to supply the North American market for both their own and Huntsman s requirements. 

Minimills and other EAF plants ate expanding iato flat-roUed steel products which, by some estimates, requite 50—75% low residual scrap or alternative raw material. Up to 16 million t of new capacity are expected to be added ia the United States between 1994 and 2000 (18). Developments ia other parts of the world also impact scrap use and supply. Possible scrap deficiencies of several million tons have been projected for EAFs ia East Asia and ia parts of Europe. This puts additional strains on the total scrap supply, particularly low residual scrap (19,20). The question of adequate supply of low residual scrap is always a controversial one. Some analysts see serious global shortages ia the first decade of the twenty-first century others are convinced that the scrap iadustry has the capabiUty to produce scrap ia the quantities and quaUty to meet foreseeable demand. This uncertainty ia combination with high scrap prices has led to iacreased use of scrap alternatives where the latter is price competitive with premium scrap. Use of pig iroa has iacreased ia EAF plants and mote capacity is being iastaHed for DRI and HBI outside the United States. 

Table 11. Prices and Chemical Use for Ethylene, Propylene, Butylenes, and Butanes in the United States between 1983 and 1988 ...

The principal source of pollution by polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) has been the commercial mixture Firemaster, which was produced in the United States between 1970 and 1974. Production was discontinued in 1974 following a severe pollution incident in Michigan, when Firemaster was accidentally mixed with cattle feed on a farm. In due course, PBBs entered the human food chain via contaminated animal products. Substantial residues were found in humans from the area, and were snbse-quently found to be highly persistent. 

It is estimated that 50% of adults in the United States are overweight, with approximately half of those falling into the obese category. The prevalence of obesity in adults has increased approximately 60% in the United States between the years 1991 and 2001. (Figure 1.2)3... 

Mirex and chlordecone are no longer made or used in the United States. Mirex and chlordecone were most commonly used in the 1960s and 1970s. Mirex was used as a pesticide to control fire ants mostly in the southeastern part of the United States. It was also used extensively as a flame retardant additive under the trade name Dechlorane in plastics, rubber, paint, paper, and electrical goods from 1959 to 1972 because it does burn easily. Chlordecone was used to control insects that attacked bananas, citrus trees with no fruits, tobacco, and ornamental shrubs. It was also used in household products such as ant and roach traps. Chlordecone is also known by its trade name Kepone . All registered products containing mirex and chlordecone were canceled in the United States between 1977 and 1978. 

Deborah Lipstadt, Beyond Belief The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933-1945 (New York Free Press, 1986), pp. 59-60, 88,93,157. See also Elazar Barkan, The Retreat of Scientific Racism Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars (Cambridge ... 

Benowitz NL, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Swan GE, Jacob P 3rd (2006) Female sex and oral contraceptive use accelerate nicotine metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 79(5) 480 88 Benowitz N, Bernert JT, Caraballo RS, Holiday DB, Wang J (2008a) Optimal Serum Cotinine Levels to Distinguish Cigarette Smokers and Non-Smokers within Different Racial/Ethnic Groups in the United States Between 1999-2004. Am J Epidemiol (in press)... 

Figure 1. Approximate ranges of the major chemical and fuel feedstock costs in the United States between 1980 and 1989 (projected price only).

There is an unfortunate worldwide history of prisoner-abuse, including within the United States.In the 1920s, U. S. prisoners were routinely labeled as genetically unfit and then forcibly sterilized. Believing that such sterilization improved society, approximately 60,000 incarcerated or mentally handicapped people were sterilized in the United States between 1907 and the mid-1970 s. ... 

Table 3.2 Mortality from Asbestosis, Pleural, Peritoneal, Retroperitoneal, and Lung Cancers in the United States between 1968 and 1982...

Polybrominated Biphenyls. PBBs are no larger being imported or exported except possibly in small quantities for laboratory uses. PBBs have not been imported from other countries into the United States, except in finished products (Neufeld et al. 1977). The two companies that manufactured octa- and decabromobiphenyl in the United States between 1976 (0.805 million pounds) and 1978 exported all of their products to Europe (Naifeld et al. 1977). 

Austin and Schnatter (1983a) conducted a cohort study of 6588 white male workers employed at a petrochemical plant in the United States between 1941 and 1977. The study was conducted to investigate a cluster of brain tumours that was reported earlier in the same population (Alexander et al., 1980). There were 765 deaths (SMR, 0.8) and 150 cancer deaths (SMR, 0.9) observed. A greater than expected number (based on national rates) of brain cancers (SMR, 1.6 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-2.8, based on 12 cases) was observ ed. Austin and Schnatter (1983b) also conducted a nested case-control study to examine the relationship between the risk of primary brain tumours and exposures at the facility. No significant association with 1,2-dichloroethane exposure was observed. 

Benson and Teta (1993) studied the mortality among 278 chlorohydrin production workers who had ever been employed at a facility in the United States between 1940 and 1967. The follow-up period was from 1940 to 1988. This was a 10-year update of an earlier study conducted by Greenberg et al. (1990). There were 147 deaths (SMR, 1.0) and 40 cancer deaths (SMR, 1.3) observed. Excesses of pancreatic cancer (SMR, 4.9 95% CI, 1.6-11.4 8 cases) and lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers (SMR, 2.9 95% CI, 1.3-5.8 ... 

The total sales of mirex by Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation, in the United States between 1959 and 1975, were around 1,528,000 kg (Kaiser, 1978). Among the total sales of mirex, 26% was for insecticidal use and 76% was for other uses, such as the incorporation of mirex into plastics to improve flame- and fire-retardant properties (Kaiser, 1978). Between 1961 and 1975, 400,000kg of mirex were used as pesticides, of which approximately 250,000 kg were sold in the south eastern United States for the control of native and imported fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) and most of the remainder was exported to Brazil for use in fire ant control (Eisler, 1985). 

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