Cattle feeding standards

Fermentations were run until glucose concentrations were <1 g/L or the glucose concentration stopped decreasing. On completion of the fermentations, the whole broth was dried at 50°C and a coffee grinder was used to homogenize the dried samples. Samples from each of the fermentations (10 total) were sent to a commercial laboratory (Servi-Tech, Hastings, NE) for analysis of standard nutritional parameters and minerals for cattle feed. 

Energy requirements for maintenance can be calculated from various feeding standards. Although it is not possible to include all the standards, requirements calculated using some of the most widely known standards are presented here. The energy requirements for maintenance of cattle published by AFRC (1993) are based on fasting metabolism (F, MJ/day) and can be predicted as follows ... 

An example of prediction equations for intake that may be used in conjunction with feeding standards is provided by the UK Agricultural Research Council s Technical Committee on Responses to Nutrients, which constructed a series of equations for predicting the intake of grass silage by cattle (both dairy and beef) fed on silage and concentrates. The following is an example of the equations derived for beef cattle ... 

Table A2.3 Feeding standards for lactating and pregnant cattle based on FiM...

Table A2.4 Feeding standards for growing cattle 4.1 Dally requirements of cattle of 200 kg liveweight...

National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 2007. Japanese Feeding Standard for Dairy Cattle, Japan Livestock Industry Association, Japan. 

Utilization of Soybean Meal in Animal Feeds. Soybean meal is the most extensively used of the oilseed meals and serves as a protein supplement for all classes of animals. It has become the standard to which all other protein sources are compared, and its quality, acceptance, and reputation are widely known (4). The meal contains from 44 to 50% cmde protein and from 2500 to 2800 kcal of metabolizable energy per kilogram, depending on the amount of hull present and the species of animal being fed. Dehulling increases the metabolizable energy values by about 5% for cattle and 12% or more for pigs and poultry (5). 

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