Beef cattle

Nutrition. Zinc is essential to the proper functioning of plants and animals and, as zinc sulfate and oxide, it is used as a feed supplement (49—51) (see Mineral nutrients Feedsand feed additives). Most crops use less than a kilogram of zinc per 1000 m per year, so that zinc salts added at 1.3—4.5 kg/ha gradually build up the zinc reserve (52). Animals, including humans, store relatively Htde available zinc and, thus, require a constant supply in the diet. For instance, beef cattle require 10—30 mg/kg dry feed, dairy cattle 40 mg/kg, and breeding hens 65 mg/kg. Zinc from plants is considered less available to monogastric aminals than zinc from animal protein. 

Farmed animals tend to be subjected to compounds that can be classified more easily as drugs. In some cases, animals may encounter compounds in nature that have considerable limitations in inclusion in the diets of farmed animals. An example is the inclusion of zearalenone (Figure 1) and its derivatives in animal diets these have anabolic and oestrogenic properties " and are permitted to be used in some areas of the world but are prohibited from use in others, such as European Union countries. Thus this compound and its reduced isomers (zearalenols, zeranols) improve growth rates in animals but can cause reproductive problems, especially in pigs. Ralgro, which is a commercially prepared derivative of zearalenone, is used as an ear implant in beef cattle as a growth promoter in... 

Kinder-, beef, cattle, bovine, -blut, n. oxblood. -bouillon, /. beef broth, -braten, m. roast beef, -fett, n. beef suet, beef fat. -galle, /. ox gall. -klauenSl, n. neat s-foot oil. -mark-fett, n. beef marrow fat, -talg, m. beef tallow, -tuberkulose, /. bovine tuberculosis. 

The results of metabolism studies with laboratory animals and livestock indicate that endosulfan does not bioconcentrate in fatty tissues and milk. Lactating sheep administered radiolabeled endosulfan produced milk containing less than 2% of the label. Endosulfan sulfate was the major metabolite in milk (Gorbach et al. 1968). A half-life of about 4 days was reported for endosulfan metabolites in milk from survivors of a dairy herd accidentally exposed to acutely toxic concentrations of endosulfan endosulfan sulfate accounted for the bulk of the residues detected in the milk (Braun and Lobb 1976). No endosulfan residues were detected in the fatty tissue of beef cattle grazed on endosulfan-treated pastures for 31-36 days (detection limits of 10 ppm for endosulfan, 40 ppm for endosulfan diol) the animals began grazing 7 days after treatment of the pastures. Some residues were detected in the fatty tissue of one animal administered 1.1 mg/kg/day of endosulfan in the diet for 60 days. No endosulfan residues were... 

McGinn, S. M., Beauchemin, K. A., Coates, T., and Colombatto, D. (2004). Methane emissions from beef cattle Effects of monensin, sunflower oil, enzymes, yeast, and fumaric acid. /. Anim. Sci. 82, 3346-3356. 

Fig. 3.2 A comparison between white clover and grass for fattening beef cattle (Thomson, 1984).

As Wilkinson (1984) states, flexibility in grassland management is essential, particularly when young beef cattle are reared at pasture, or when store cattle or suckled calves are finished on grass. The overall goal must be to improve the predictability of beef cattle growth, so that plans made at the outset for the beef system are realistic and are reflected in the actual level of performance. 

Some assets are difficult to cost accurately for example, the notional financial value of providing a haven for wildlife, or of keeping your part of the river free from excess nitrates. Another example would be the value of keeping beef cattle indoors and then using the farmyard manure to improve soil structure and maintain wheat yield. 

Figure 8.2 illustrates the format of a typical absorption costing exercise. This exercise can easily be used to calculate the overall profit or loss of each enterprise and its profit margin. See for example Fig. 8.3. One of the difficulties of this exercise is allocating the fixed costs between the various enterprises. Take housing for example if the shed is shared between beef cattle and sheep, then the allocation of the cost could be made on a space and time basis. On a large-scale farm with several workers there will probably be a shepherd, a stockman, and a tractor driver for the arable crops. However, on a smaller farm where the farmer and his family do all the work then division of time between...

The dilemma was resolved by making the farm part of the environmentally sensitive area (ESA) scheme and also sowing an extra 280 ha of grassland. As his farm was now part of an ESA, the farmer was paid to reduce his stock numbers so that they then had sufficient organic grassland. This meant that although fewer lambs and beef cattle were sold per ha, the grant from the ESA scheme more than compensated for the reduction in output. 

The second benefit of white clover is that it increases animal production, whether in terms of higher milk yield for dairy cows or faster growth rate in beef cattle and lambs. The extra production is derived from the higher intake of white clover compared with grass of the same digestibility and also from its higher protein content. 

In 1988 the organic unit on Chisel Farm measured 120 ha, from which beef cattle and lambs were produced. Twelve years later (2000) the... 

The production of livestock and livestock products has been greatly increased through the effective application of agricultural chemicals, as evidenced in the control of insects and diseases on and around dairy cattle, which has resulted in many instances of increased milk production ranging between 15 and 20%. It has been reliably estimated that the treatment of beef cattle for insect pests has resulted in additional gains of 50 pounds per head of beef animals treated. The dollar value of these increases in both beef and milk has been estimated at 54,000,000 per year. 

Waldner CL, Ribble CS, Janzen ED. 1998. Evaluation of the impact of a natural gas leak from a pipeline on productivity of beef cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212 41-48. 

Ellis JL, Kebreab E, Odongo NE, McBride BW, Okine EK, France J. Prediction of methane production from dairy and beef cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. 2007 90 3456-3467. 

Bransby, D. I. (1993). Effects of grazing management practices on parasite load and weight gain of beef cattle . Veterinary Parasitology, 46(1-4), 215-221. 

Petterson, D.S., R.H. Casey, G.F. Ebell, and B.L. McIntyre. 1988. Residues in beef cattle accidentally exposed to commercial heptachlor. Austral. Veterin. Jour. 65 50-53. 

Anorexia, diarrhea, and weight loss in Swiss beef cattle (10) Milk Mo level of 0.37 mg/L (5)... 

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