Female genital tract

Diethyl stilbestrol Female genital tract - carcinoma (transplacental)... 

O Primary peritonitis develops in up to 25% of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis.3 Patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) average one episode of peritonitis every 2 years.4 Secondary peritonitis may be caused by perforation of a peptic ulcer traumatic perforation of the stomach, small or large bowel, uterus, or urinary bladder appendicitis pancreatitis diverticulitis bowel infarction inflammatory bowel disease cholecystitis operative contamination of the peritoneum or diseases of the female genital tract such as septic abortion, postoperative uterine infection, endometritis, or salpingitis. Appendicitis is one of the most common causes of intraabdominal infection. In 1998, 278,000 appendectomies were performed in the United States for suspected appendicitis.5... 

The presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with female genital tract diseases such as condyloma, Bowenoid papulosis, and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. A general concern is the association of HPV with cervical cancer (Gl). The HPV consists of an icosahedral viral particle (virion) containing 8000 base pairs, a circular, double-stranded piece of DNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Viral replication takes place within the nuclei of infected squamous epithelial cells (H5). Following infection of epithelial cells, the viral DNA penetrates throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, but intact viruses are found only in the upper layers of tissue. 

They must remain mobile for a considerable period of time, many hours, in the uterus and oviduct to increase the chance of meeting an ovum after ovulation. Spermatozoa can survive in the female genital tract 30 to 50 hours. 

Figure 19.5 k diagrammatic representation of the female genital tract. 

CS174 Dixit, V. P., M. AryaandN. K. Lohiya. The effect of chronically administered cannabis extract on the female genital tract of mice and rats. Endokrinologie 1975 66 365-368. 

Oxytocin takes part in the onset of parturition, expulsion of the foetus and placenta. It also facilitates the transport of sperm in the female genital tract. 

It is used in the treatment of severe anaerobic infections caused by bacteroides and other anaerobes. It is also used in combination with aminoglycoside in the treatment of abdomen and GIT wounds, infections of female genital tract, pelvic abscesses, aspiration pneumonia and septic abortion. It is also used for prophylaxis of endocarditis. It is also used along with primaquine in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients and with pyrimethamine for toxoplasmosis. 

Clindamycin is indicated for the treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections caused by streptococci and staphylococci. It is often active against community-acquired strains of methicillin-resistant S aureus, an increasingly common cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Clindamycin is also indicated for treatment of anaerobic infection caused by bacteroides and other anaerobes that often participate in mixed infections. Clindamycin, sometimes in combination with an aminoglycoside or cephalosporin, is used to treat penetrating wounds of the abdomen and the gut infections originating in the female genital tract, eg, septic abortion and pelvic abscesses and aspiration pneumonia. Clindamycin is now recommended rather than erythromycin for prophylaxis of endocarditis in patients with valvular heart disease who are undergoing certain dental procedures. Clindamycin plus primaquine is an effective alternative to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for moderate to moderately severe Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in AIDS patients. It is also used in combination with pyrimethamine for AIDS-related toxoplasmosis of the brain. 

Herbst AL. Behavior of estrogen-associated female genital tract cancer and its relation to neoplasia following intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Gynecol Oncol 2000 76(2) 147-56. 

Navab A, Koss LG, LaDue JS. Estrogen-like activity of digitalis its effect on the squamous epithelium of the female genital tract. JAMA 1965 194(l) 30-2. 

Wang, D. P., Fujii, S., Konishi, L, Nanbu, Y., Iwai, T., Nonogaki, H., and Mori, T. 1992. Expression of c-erbB2 protein and epidermal growth factor receptor in normal tissues of the female genital tract and in the placenta. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol. 420 385-393. 

Intravaginal vaccination with whole cell and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) oral cholera vaccine provided a greater success rate in providing a mucosal immune response in the female genital tract than an oral vaccination [152]. This study demonstrated that in a single individual, systemic immunity did not directly reflect the local antibody response in the mucosal... 

Wagner G. 1979. Vaginal transduction. In The biology of the fluids of the female genital tract, eds. F.K. Beller and G.F.B. Shumacher, 25-34. New York Elsevier/North Holland. 

Kunz, G., et al. 1996. The dynamics of rapid sperm transport through the female genital tract Evidence from vaginal sonography of uterine peristalsis and hysterosalpingscintigraphy. Hum Reprod 11 629. 

Wildt, L., et al. 1998. Sperm transport in the female genital tract and its modulation by oxytocin as assessed by hypersalpingoscintigraphy, hysterotonography, electrohysterography and Doppler sonography. Hum Reprod Update 4 655. 

Ogra, P.L., and S.S. Ogra. 1973. Local antibody response to poliovaccine in the human female genital tract. J Immun 110 1307. 

Wassen, L., K. Schon, J. Holmgren, M. Jertborn, and N. Lycke. 1996. Local intravaginal vaccination of the female genital tract. Scand J Immunol 44 408. 

Johansson, E.L., et al. 1998. Antibodies and antibody secreting cells in the female genital tract after vaginal or intranasal immunization with cholera toxin B subunits or conjugate. Infect Immunol 66 514. 

Clindamycin is indicated for treatment of severe anaerobic infection caused by bacteroides and other anaerobes that often participate in mixed infections. Clindamycin, sometimes in combination with an aminoglycoside or cephalosporin, is used to treat penetrating wounds of the abdomen and the gut infections originating in the female genital tract, eg, septic abortion and pelvic abscesses or... 

Immunoglobulin profiles of human cervical mucus indicate approximately twice as much IgG (30mg/dl) as IgA (15mg/dl) overall however, there are both biphasic and menstrual cycle influences on Ig levels [169], Different from blood plasma, the IgA2 subclass predominates in female genital tract secretions with lesser amounts of IgGAl [170],... 

TABLE 2 Immune Response of Female Genital Tract... 

Wassen, L., Schon, K., Holmgren, J., Jertborn, M., and Lycke, N. (1996), Local intravagi-nal vaccination of the female genital tract, Scand. /. Immunol., 44,408-414. 

Prevention of fertilisation the female genital tract may be made inhospitable to spermatozoa, e.g. by altering cervical mucus or fallopian tube function. 

Livingston, J. Lu, S. Robinson, H. Anderson, D. Immunization of the female genital tract with a DNA-based vaccine. Infect. Immun. 1998, 66, 322-329. 

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