Papilloma viruses

Human papilloma virus (HPV) Cervical cancer, oral cancer E6, E7 Inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation... 

Cidofovir (Fig. 2) has been formally approved for the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients, where it is administered intravenously at a dose not exceeding 5 mg/kg once weekly during the first two weeks (and every other week thereafter). Cidofovir is also used off label for the treatment of human papilloma virus (HPV) infections (i.e., cutaneous warts, anogenital warts, laryngeal and pharyngeal papilloma), polyomavirus [i.e., progressive (i.e., multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)], adenovirus, herpesvirus, and poxvirus (i.e., molluscum contagiosum) infections, where it can be administered intravenously (at a dose of < 5 mg/kg once weekly or every other week) or topically as a 1% gel or cream (De Clercq and Holy 2005). Especially in immunosuppressed patients (i.e., transplant recipients), local treatment of HPV-associated lesions has often yielded spectacular results (Bonatti etal.2007). 

Papovavi ruses Papilloma virus Naked icosahedra 50nm in diameter Multiply only in epithelial cells of skin and mucous membranes causing warts. There is evidence that some types are associated with cervical carcinoma... 

The list of vimses involved in other human cancers includes hepatitis B, which is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma human papilloma viruses with cervical, penile and some anal carcinomas human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 associated with adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma syndrome and HIV with Kaposi s sarcoma. 

There appears to be an increased risk for the development of cervical cancer among long-term users of oral contraceptives.1 Whether or not this increase in risk can be attributed directly to the use of oral contraceptives is uncertain, however. Data suggest that oral contraceptive users, on average, tend to have more sexual partners and use condoms less frequently, and as a result, this may increase their susceptibility to becoming infected with human papilloma virus (HPV), a known risk factor for cervical cancer. 

Carcinogenic agents include chemicals in the environment, such as aniline and benzene, which are associated with the development of bladder cancer and leukemia, respectively. Environmental factors, such as excessive sun exposure, also may result in cancer. Viruses, including the human papilloma virus and hepatitis B, maybe associated with the development of cancer. Some of the chemotherapy agents cause secondary cancers after therapy has been completed. Numerous factors may contribute to the development of cancer. 

Other factors associated with the risk of NMSC include exposure to ionizing radiation and arsenic, which is connected with BCC. Chemical carcinogens that give rise to NMSC include industrial hydrocarbons that are found in coal tars, soot, asphalt, paraffin waxes, and tobacco.21 Exposure to the human papilloma virus (HPV-6, -11, -16, and -18) has been linked to SCC.31 Lastly, a personal history of previous melanoma is a risk factor for developing another primary melanoma. 

Mailer That is a question I have been wanting to address. The apoptosis response can be driven wholly by a maternal programme that doesn t require transcription. If it is p53-dependent, it would be a non-transcriptional effect of p53. We haven t been able to completely get rid of p53. The most direct approach we have tried is to inject the papilloma virus E6 protein into embryos. This is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades p53. There is something like lOng of p53 in every oocyte, so we can only get rid of half of this. Thus we haven t been able to answer the question of whether this response is p53 dependent or not. 

Cubie, H.A., and Norval, M. (1989) Detection of human papilloma viruses in paraffin wax sections with biotinylated synthetic oligonucleotide probes and immunogold staining./. Clin. Pathol. 42, 988-991. 

Human papilloma virus type 11 major capsid protein LI Tobacco leaf, potato tuber Reacted well with assembled capsids and isolated LI capsomers. Immunogenic in mice when administered parenterally with subsequent oral boosting. 99... 

Human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 oncoprotein E7 Potato virus X in tobacco leaf (complete reading frame) Immunogenic in mice when administered parenterally. Mice protected moderately when challenged with surrogate (C3 cells). 100... 

Human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 major capsid protein LI Tobacco and potato Weak, transient anti LI antibody response in 3 of 24 mice when administered orally. Immunogenic when administered orally after parenteral boost. 102... 

DNA viruses, such as adenoviruses and papovaviruses (e.g. polyoma and SV40), induce cellular transformation in rodents. Other viruses have been implicated in human cancers. Epstein-Barr virus, for example, has been implicated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, (3-cell lymphomas and Hodgkin s lymphoma. Human papilloma virus is linked to most cervical cancers. 

Human milk, citric acid in, 6 632t Human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine, 25 497... 

Samiotaki M, Kwiatkowski M, Ylitalo N, Landegren U (1997) Seven-color time-resolved fluorescence hybridization analysis of human papilloma virus types. Anal Biochem 253 156-161... 

Mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium avium complex are implicated in disseminated bacterial infections in AIDS patients. RFLP studies followed by hybridization with radiolabeled probe specific for an insertion sequence in M. avium (IS 1311) have been useful for typing M. avium stains (R2). A variety of molecular techniques are available for the diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection. In addition to PCR, a method based on the ligase chain reaction has also been found to be sensitive to the detection of C. trachomatis infection in urine specimens collected from male and female subjects (VI). The differentiation between low-risk genotypes of human papilloma virus (HPV 6 or 11) from genotypes of high... 

The presence of human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with female genital tract diseases such as condyloma, Bowenoid papulosis, and cervical, vaginal, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma. A general concern is the association of HPV with cervical cancer (Gl). The HPV consists of an icosahedral viral particle (virion) containing 8000 base pairs, a circular, double-stranded piece of DNA surrounded by a protein capsid. Viral replication takes place within the nuclei of infected squamous epithelial cells (H5). Following infection of epithelial cells, the viral DNA penetrates throughout the entire thickness of the epithelium, but intact viruses are found only in the upper layers of tissue. 

In situ hybridization techniques are used to subtype the papilloma virus that may be found in premalignant lesions in uterine cervix. Most of the techniques use nonradioactively labeled avidin-biotin probes. A number of specific biotin-labeled probe cocktails are available for HPV subtype identification (e.g., HPV 6-l l, 16-18, 31-33-35). Some of these techniques use chemiluminescent components to enhance the sensitivity of HPV subtype detection (H5). 

Gl. Gissman, L., Identification of human papilloma virus in genital tumors. Cancer Sum. 3, 161 — 181 (1984). 

ML Margall, N., Matias-Guiu, X., Chilton, M., Coll, P., Alejo, M., Nunes, V., Quilez, M., Rabella, N., Prats, G., and Prat, J., Detection of human papilloma virus 16 and 18 DNA in epithelial lesions of the lower genital tract by in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31, 924-930 (1993). 

Cervical Cancer. In female AIDS patients, cancer of the cervix is observed with high frequency. Cervical cancer is a fairly common cancer in women, although it typically affects women of middle age or older. Infection with certain strains of human papilloma virus (HPV) that cause warts in the genital tract is an underlying cause of cervical cancer. 

Figure 26.1 Immortalization of human cells Cells enter replicative senescence at mortality stage 1 (Ml Hayflick limit) after about 60 population doublings (PD). The protein p 16 accumulates in senescent cells. The simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen as well as the human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16-E6 and E7 proteins sequester the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and/or p53 constitutively releases the transcription factor E2F. E2F induces expression proteins required for progression through Gl/S transition, thus the cells escape cell cycle arrest. At mortality stage 2 (M2), transformed cells must overcome senescence and crisis before they are immortalized. This is likely to involve the activation of telomerase either by the introduction of hTERT cDNA or by a genetic change that activates telomerase.

Yankaskas, J. R., J. E. Haizlip, M. Conrad, D. Koval, E. Lazarowski, A. M. Par-adiso, C. J. Rinehart, B. Sarkadi, R. Schlegel, and R. C. Boucher. 1993. Papilloma virus immortalized tracheal epithelial cells retain a well-differentiated phenotype. Am J Physiol 264 C1219-30. 

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