Silicones, polyoxyethylenated

NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS Polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated straight- chain alcohols, alcohol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated polyoxypropylene glycols Polyoxyethylenated mercaptans Long-chain carboxylic acid esters Alkanolamine condensates, alkanolamides Tertiary acetylenic glycols Polyoxyethylenated silicones N-alkylpyrrolidones Alkylpolyglycosides... 

Silica Nanoparticles. The base-catalyzed hydrolysis of silicon aikoxides in microemulsions produces nanoparticles (20-39). Aqueous ammonia has been used primarily as the base, with AOT and nonionic polyoxyethylene ethers as the main surfactants. Figure 2.2.6 presents a flow diagram for the synthesis of pure silica (23-32) the microemulsion is first prepared and then the alkoxide is added. As can be seen from Table 2.2.1, the microemulsions include the systems AOT/ isooctane/water/ammonia, AOT/toluene/water/ammonia, NP-5/cyclohexane/water/ ammonia, and NP-4/heptane/water/ammonia. Typical reaction times are l -5 days. Various modified silica nanoparticles have also been prepared, including hydropho-... 

More recently, Carafa et al. showed that niosomes could be obtained from polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate-cholesterol in aqueous environment. These authors investigated the delivery of lidocaine HC1 and lidocaine base from vesicles through silicone membrane and nude mice skin [44]. It was found that only the charged molecule (loading pH 5.5) could be encapsulated within the vesicles ( 30%). This behavior was explained by the entrapment ability of the hydrophilic moiety within the aqueous core of the vesicles. The lipophilic unionized form of lidocaine (loading pH 8.6) remained unattached. The amount of lidocaine permeated through nude mice skin from these niosomes was similar to liposomes and only about twofold greater than from a micellar system. 

Figure 6.1 7 Structure of a graft-type silicone-polyoxyethylene copolymer, MD (D EOxOH)mM.

Figure 6.18 Structure of an ABA-type silicone-polyoxyethylene copolymer, HOEOxM D M EOxOH.

Non-silicone oUs are nonionic surfactants, which are polymers of castor oil, lanolinic acid and various kinds of alkylene oxide. These products are made by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku, Ltd. and are sold on the market under the trade names of Resinol F-140 and F-520 (6). Polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, such as the Tween series (Atlas Chemical Industries), can also be used. 

Silicones have been claimed to improve combing, enhance feel, reduce flyaway, increase shine, reduce drying time, and lock in color [54-56], The most frequently used silicone is dimethicone, which is a polydimethylsiloxane. Other important silicones are dimethiconol, which is a dimethylsiloxane terminated with hydroxyl groups, amodimethicone, which is an amino-substituted silicone, dimethicone copolyol, which is a dimethylsiloxane containing polyoxyethylene and/or propylene side chains, and cyclomethicone, which refers to a class of cyclic dimethyl polysiloxanes ranging from trimer to hexamer ... 

U.S. 5332569 (1994) Wood et al. (Alberto-Culver) Silicon oil in an organic solvent-based carrier comprising PEG and an anionic-cationic emulsifier complex formed from anionic (phosphate or sulfate) copolymer of dimethylpolysiloxane (20 -0 units) and polyoxyethylene (3-15 units) and cationic conditioning compound having at least one quaternary nitrogen or amido amine and one hydrophobic aliphatic or silicone polymer chain Improved stability of silicone emulsion... 

Sometimes other atoms like nitrogen or oxygen can periodically be found in the skeleton (polypeptides and polyoxyethylene). It may even happen that the skeleton does not contain any carbon atoms (polydimethylsiloxane) the carbon is then replaced by silicon. 

Al, aluminum oxide BA, boric acid C, cellulose CW, Carbowax 4(X) DEAE, diethylaminoethyl DMF, dimethylformamide DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide ECTEOLA, ethanolomine-epichlorhydrin EG, ethylene glycol F, formamide KC, Whatman KC reversed phase plates KG, kieselguhr OA, oxalic acid P, polyamide PEG, polyethylene glycol 4(X) PEI, polyethyleneimine PG, propylene glycol PO, paraffin oil POEG, polyoxyethylene glycol 1000 SG, silica gel SO, silicone oil TD, tetradecane Un, undecane. 

A wetting agent it helps the wetting of the drug and. upon adsorbing on the surface of the particles, improves their stability by electrostatic repulsion, protective action, or both. Additives typically used include surfactants such as polyoxyethylene, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and, more recently, silicone surfactants (88). and polyols (particularly propylene glycol and PEG see Ref. 89). 

CAS 64365-23-7 68937-54-2 68938-54-5 Synonyms Dimethylmethyl (polyethylene oxide) siloxane Dimethylsilox-ane/glycol copolymer Polyoxyethylene-grafted polydimethylsiloxane Polysiloxane polyether copolymer Siloxanes and silicones, dimethyl, hydroxy-terminated, ethoxylated propoxylated Classification Silicone glycol surfactant... 

Iwanaga, T., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Effect of added salts or polyols on the doud point and the liquid aystalline structures of polyoxyethylene modified silicone./. Colloid Interface Sci., Xlll, 349 355. 

Carbohydrates and polyoxyethylene polyethers are both classes of hydrophilic compounds that are easily soluble in polar solvents. Therefore, it should be possible to use carbohydrates as potential substitutes for polyethers in order to provide silicones with improved biodegradability and good compatibility with polar phases. 

The largest class of nonionic surfactants is the polyoxyethylene condensates, but these have only a moderate effect and are not widely used. Silicone fluids may be considered as nonionic surfactants although they are used as anticaking agents for many powders, their use on fertilizers is limited due to their high cost. Other nonionic surfactants include fatty acid esters, substituted ureas, and aldehydes and ketones with low molecular weight [115,1161. 

A finish is usually applied as an aqueous emulsion to act as a lubricant and antistat and penetrates into the interior of the fiber if applied before the collapsed stage. Typical finishes are sorbitan esters of long chain fatty acids, polyoxyethylene derivatives and silicones. 

A surfactant is a material that has fixed hydrophilic and lipophilic groups and can arrange directionally and absorb on the surface of a solution and reduce the surface tension of the solution significantly. Surfactants can be divided into anionic, cationic, nonionic, and amphoteric ions. The most common anionic surfactants are senior fatty acids and their salts, and the most common cationic surfactants are senior amines and their salt. The nonionic surfactants are silicone oil, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, fatty acid polyoxyethylene ether, and so forth. 

Bortnikov et al243 also separated compounds containing bonds between 2 or 3 like or unlike heteroatoms (silicon, germanium, tin or sulphur) on columns of silanized Chromasorb W coated with 20% Apiezon L, 15% of polyoxyethylene glycol 20M or Reoplex 400, also by gas-solid chromatography on graphitized thermal carbon black with helium as carrier gas and a flame ionization or thermal conductivity detector. 

Anti-foaming agents are food additives that prevent the formation of foam or reduce foaming, for example fatty acid esters of polyoxyethylene sorbitans (E432-E436) and silicone oils (dimethylpolysiloxane, E900,11-78). 

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