Polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols

Nonionic the surfactant has no groups with charge such as, for example, monoglycerides of long-chain fatty acids or polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols. 

Nonionic. The surface-active portion bears no apparent ionic charge, for example, RCOOCH2CHOHCH2OH (monoglyceride of long-chain fatty acid), RCgH OC H OH (polyoxyethylenated alkylphenol), R C H OH(polyoxyethylenated alcohol). 

NON-IONIC SURFACTANTS Polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated straight- chain alcohols, alcohol ethoxylates Polyoxyethylenated polyoxypropylene glycols Polyoxyethylenated mercaptans Long-chain carboxylic acid esters Alkanolamine condensates, alkanolamides Tertiary acetylenic glycols Polyoxyethylenated silicones N-alkylpyrrolidones Alkylpolyglycosides... 

The effect of strongly adsorbed organic additives is illustrated by the analysis of Cd electrodeposition process from 0.25 M CdSOq in 0.50 M H2SO4 to which 3.3 g dm polyoxyethylene alkylphenol (9.5 mol ethylene oxide) was added [14]. Electrodeposition of Cd was performed onto a stationary vertical flat Cu electrode of surface area 1x1 cm placed in the middle of a cylindrical cell of a diameter of 6 cm and a height of 5 cm. The cell surface was covered by the anode, which was made from a high purity Cd plate. The reference electrode was a high purity Cd wire. 

Anionic surfactants (such as sodium dodecyl sulfate), cationic surfactants (such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) (163), and nonionic surfactants (such as the polyoxyethylenated alkylphenols) (136,338) have been used in preparing emulsions. Different types of surfactants can be used in the same recipe (377) to provide additional stability under specific conditions. For example, mixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants are common. The anionic surfactant controls the particle nucleation stage, and the nonionic surfactant imparts additional electrolyte tolerance, mechanical shear stability (345), and freeze-thaw stability. Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants tend to coagulate and are to be avoided. 

The pore morphology of microemulsion-based solid polymer depends on the initial microstructure of the microemulsion as determined by the type of surfactant and cosurfactant in addition to composition. Some examples of nonionic surfactants used for microemulsions are Emsorb 6916 (sorbitan monolaurate), Neodol 91-5 (primary alcohol ethoxylate), and Trycol (polyoxyethylene alkylphenol), while sodium dodecyl sulfonate is commonly used as the anionic surfactant. Figure 3.15... 

Weinheimer, R. M., P. T. Varineau, Polyoxyethylene alkylphenols, in N. M. van Os, ed.. Nonionic Surfactants Organic Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, 1998. 

Ethoxyl tion. Base-cataly2ed ethoxylation of aUphatic alcohols, alkylphenols, and fatty acids can be broken down into two stages formation of a monoethoxy adduct and addition of ethylene oxide to the monoadduct to form the polyoxyethylene chain. The sequence of reactions is shown in equations 20—22 ... 

Nonionic Polyoxyethylenated alkyl-phenols, alkylphenol ethoxylates Emulsifying agents Generally water-soluble Good chemical stability... 

Non-ionic Polyoxyethylene alcohol Alkylphenol ethoxylate Polysorbate 80 w+x+y+z= 20, R=(C17H33)COO... 

A similar detergency maximum at almost the same oxyethylene content has been observed in the removal of oily soil from metal surfaces using similar surfactants in an alkaline, built formulation (Komor, 1969). The maximum here is at 68% oxyethylene (about 11 oxyethylene units per nonylphenol) at bath temperatures from 40 to 80°C. For a series of polyoxyethylenated nonrandom linear alkylphenols with Cg-Cig alkyl chains, optimum removal of sebum soil from cotton at 49°C and 50 and 300 ppm water hardness was obtained at 63-68% oxyethylene content (Smithson, 1966). A study of the removal of oily soil from cotton and permanent press cloths, and of clay from permanent press cloths by commercial POE alcohols, showed that POE Ci2-Ci4 alcohols with 60% or greater ethylene oxide content achieved the best soil removal (Cox, 1989). 

The most abundant products among nonionics are ethoxylated alcohols and alkylphenols, polyglycol esters of fatty acids and related compounds having polyoxyethylene chain as hydrophilic group. 

Glucoside alkyl ethers Polyoxyethylene glycol octylphenol ethers Polyoxyethylene glycol alkylphenol ethers Glycerol alkyl esters... 

Alkyl polyglycolether carboxylates are produced industrially by a modified method where sodium hydroxide solution is used instead of metallic sodium. A molar excess of 20-30% of NaOH/chloroacetic acid with respect to the alkyl polyglycolether is necessary to obtain a high yield of the ether carboxylate. Alkylphenol polyoxyethylene carboxylates or alkyl... 

TRYCOL Ethoxylated Alkylphenols are nonionic polyoxyethylene surfactants prepared commercially by the condensation or addition of ethylene oxide to alkylphenol at the site of its active hydrogen. 

At Long Ashton, Silcox and Holloway " carried out foliar uptake experiments with dilute aqueous solutions of " C-labeled linear alcohol and alkylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactants (0.1% w/v) having HLB values of 10 to 14. Considerable absorption was recorded, the rate and total amount of uptake varying according to species and chemical nature of the surfactant. Maximum uptake occurred with compounds having a C12/C13 alkyl chain as the hydrophobic moiety there was little movement of the surfactants within the treated tissues, but subsequently they were metabolized. 

Non-ionic, with no charge on the hydrophilic group, often polyoxyethyleneated long chain alcohols or alkylphenols, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance being controlled by the number of moles of ethylene oxide. 

Commercial demulsifiers are polymeric smfactants such as block copolymers of polyoxyethylene (EO) and pwlyoxypropylene (OP) (1) or alkylphenol-formaldehyde resins (2), or blends of different surface-active compounds and polyfunctionalized amines with EO/PO copolymer (3, Figure 8) (Kokal, 2005). 

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