Collection methods

The State of New Jersey s Mandatory Recycling Act requked counties and municipalities to recycle 60% of the municipal soUd waste stream by 1995 (1). Although the law does not requke curbside collection systems, this is by far the most popular recycling collection method in New Jersey. By 1993, New Jersey reached a 46% recycling rate and led the United States in recycling. 

On-Site Storage Factors that must be considered in the on-site storage of solid wastes include (1) the type of container to be used, (2) the container location, (3) public health and aesthetics, (4) the collection methods to be used, and (5) future transport method. 

Analysts should discuss sample-collection methods with those responsible. Frequently, the methods result in biased data due to venting, failure to blow down the sample lines, and contamination. These are limitations that must either be corrected or accepted and understood. Sampling must be conducted within the safety procedures established for the unit. Since samples may be hot, toxic, or reactive in the presence of oxygen, the sample gatherers must be aware of and implement the safety procedures of the unit. 

The maximum flowrate recommended for the given collection method. Sampling may be done at lower rates as long as minimum sample size is met. 

Use dry dust collection methods such as fabric filters. 

This reduction in energy use can be achieved without affecting the required pollution levels in the environment by the improved collection methods that arc covered in these guides,... 

Install data collection method in relevant procedures. 

Werneburg, H. 1992. Test Instrumentation and Standardization of Data Collection Methods. Paper presented at the International Data Exchange Symposium, October 27-29, Banff, Alberta, Canada. 

The following techniques can be used to collect data about human performance in CPI tasks and provide input to task analysis methods described in Section 4.3. These data can include process information critical for the task, control strategies used by the workers, diagnostic plans etc. A distinction can be made among data collection methods that provide qualitative data (such as interviews, observations, and sources of documentation) and methods that can be used to measure aspects of performance (such as activity analysis, simulations, and information withholding). The latter methods can provide more precise data which can be quantified. 

The intention of this chapter has been to provide an overview of analytical methods for predicting and reducing human error in CPI tasks. The data collection methods and ergonomics checklists are useful in generating operational data about the characteristics of the task, the skills and experience required, and the interaction between the worker and the task. Task analysis methods organize these data into a coherent description or representation of the objectives and work methods required to carry out the task. This task description is subsequently utilized in human error analysis methods to examine the possible errors that can occur during a task. 

Specify Data Collection Methods and Responsibilities Several types of data collection have been specified in earlier sections. It is important that the responsibilities for operating the various aspects of the system are imambiguously defined. 

Until recently, pure paper-based data collection systems have predominated in clinical trials. However, they are still being used by many contract research organizations (CROs) either because of financial constraints that prevent them from investing in newer technology or because they deal with small clinical trials that do not justify that investment. Other CROs consider the paper-based data collection method to be the safest and most reliable approach to data collection. 

Sampling artifacts. The use of in situ pumps to collect water samples for " Th analysis permits simultaneous collection (and separation) of different particle fractions as well as dissolved Th. As pumping systems have been modified to permit determination of POC on the pump filters, it became possible to compare POC determined from the pump samples with conventional POC determinations made on small volume samples (0.5 - 2 L) taken from hydrocasts. The JGOFS data from multiple studies show large discrepancies between these two sample collection methods, with pump POC values 3 to 100 times lower than bottle POC values. Possible artifacts with each approach have been identified. For example Moran et al. (1999) have suggested that DOC is adsorbed onto... 

In off-line extraction the extracted analytes are collected and isolated independently from any subsequent analytical technique, which is to be employed next. For example, the extracted analyte can be collected in a solvent or on a solid sorbent. The choice of the collection method affects the possibilities for further analysis. The extracts may be used for final direct measurements (i.e. without further separation), e.g. UV and IR analysis. More usually, however, extraction is a pre-separation technique for chromatography, either off-line (the most common mode of SEE) or on-line (e.g. SFE-GC, SFE-LC-FTTR, etc.). The solvents used in extraction may affect subsequent chromatography. 

Data collection Diffractometer Data collection method Absorption correction... 

The instruments include an ionization chamber, the charcoal-trap technique, a flow-type ionization chamber (pulse-counting technique), a two-filter method, an electrostatic collection method and a passive integrating radon monitor. All instruments except for the passive radon monitor have been calibrated independently. Measurements were performed... 

Optimization of the sampling of chemicals and mixtures deposited on surfaces that could be sources of human exposures. Specific collection methods have been assessed and laboratory based research work is underway to define optimization procedures for sampling. 

Record keeping carried out not only by the analyst in laboratory notebooks, but also in logbooks for each instrument. After completion, these should be archived for at least ten years. Records should include the type of sample (with a unique identification number), collection method, location, date, description of sample, preparation and analysis method, and instrumental conditions, original data files, and the name of the person responsible. 

Demonstrating sample collections methods for chemical and biological analysis... 

When sampling in the enviromnent, it is often impossible to determine which chemical mixtures are causing a total petroleum hydrocarbons reading, which is one of the major weaknesses of the method. At minimum, before using contaminants data from diverse somces, efforts should be made to determine that field collection methods, detection limits, and quality control techniques were acceptable and comparable. This will help the analysts compare the analysis in the concentration range with the benchmark or regulatory criteria concentrations should be very precise and accmate. 

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