Carbon storage

Tropical forests and savannas are the primary source of C emissions that originate from biomass burning (73, 75). However, temperate forests are also sources of atmospheric carbon. Harmon et al. (77) reported that conversion of primary temperate forests to younger, second-growth forests lead to increases in atmospheric CO2 levels, due to losses in long-term carbon storage within these forests. They ascertained that timber exploitation of 5 million hectares of primaiy forests in the Pacific Northwest of North America during the past century has resulted in the addition of 1,500 Tg of C to the atmosphere. 

C. J. and Schloss, A. L. (1997). Equilibrium responses of global net primary production and carbon storage to doubled atmospheric carbon dioxide Sensitivity to changes in vegetation nitrogen concentration, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11,173-189. 

Post, W. M., King, A. W. and Wullschleger, S. D. (1997). Historical variations in terrestrial biospheric carbon storage, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 11, 99-109. 

Smith, T. M. and Shugart, H. H. (1993). The transient response of terrestrial carbon storage to a perturbed climate. Nature 361,523-526. 

Mishra, U., Ussiri, D. A. N., and Lai, R. (2010). Tillage effects on soil organic carbon storage and dynamics in Corn Belt of Ohio USA. Soil Tillage Res. 107, 88-96. 

The carbon stock estimated for the Pedemontana Jungle ranges from 162 tC/ha (in Coronel Moldes) to 272 tC/ha (in Calilegua). In all cases, greater carbon storage occurs in the AGB fraction (from 47% to 55% of the total), where AGB0 fraction provides between 6 and 10% of... 

Macdicken K. A guide to monitoring carbon storage in forestry and agroforestry projects. USA Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. 2007. 91 p. 

In general, the area of C02 utilisation for carbon storage is relatively new and less well known compared to other storage approaches, such as geologic storage. Thus, more exploratory technological investigations are needed to discover new applications and new reactions. 

PHAs are synthesized as intracellular energy and carbon storage materials. Therefore, bacterial cells with a high content of poly(3HB) are better able to survive than cells with a low poly(3HB) content [15]. Poly(3HB) also serves as an endogenous carbon and energy source for sporulation in Bacillus species and cyst formation in Azobacter species [16-18] and the majority of bacteria investigated accumulate PHAs in response to a nutrient limitation. The reported... 

Soil contributes to a greater extent to total carbon storage than do above-ground vegetation in most forests (Johnson and Curtis 2001). The total amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the upper meter of soil is about 1500 x 1015 g C (Eswaran et al. 1993 Batjes 1996), and the global atmospheric pool of CO2 is about 750 x 1015 g C (Harden et al. 1992). The CO2 emission from soil into atmosphere is about 68.0-76.5 1015 g C per year, and this is more than 10 times the CO2 released from fossil fuel combustion (Raich and Potter 1995). Variations in SOC pools and SOM turnover rates, therefore, exert substantial impacts on the carbon cycles of terrestrial ecosystems in terms of carbon sequestration in soil and CO2 emission from soil. 

Quantification of changes in soil carbon dynamics, including SOM turnover rate and distribution of SOC with depth, is therefore critical for determining carbon storage in soils and for modeling soil carbon cycling. 

Scott NA, Tate KR, Ford-Robertson J, Giltrap DJ, Smith CT (1999) Soil carbon storage in plantation forests and pastures land-use change implications. Tellus B 51 326-335... 

Carbon mineralization in mine tailings and implications for carbon storage in ultramafic-hosted aquifers... 

ABSTRACT Atmospheric carbon dioxide is trapped within magnesium carbonate minerals during mining and processing of ultramafic-hosted ore. The extent of mineral-fluid reaction is consistent with laboratory experiments on the rates of mineral dissolution. Incorporation of new serpentine dissolution kinetic rate laws into geochemical models for carbon storage in ultramafic-hosted aquifers may therefore improve predictions of the rates of carbon mineralization in the subsurface. 

Serpentine Dissolution Kinetics from Experimental Data and Implications for Carbon Storage... 

If 0.24 Pg C/a represents riverine DIC delivered to oceans (Meybeck 1993) and if the flux of carbon from rivers/lakes to the atmosphere is 20% (Kling et al. 1991) of the total (i.e., 0.12 Pg C/a), then 0.23 Pg C/a remains in inland lakes and rivers, and in slowly cycled groundwater. Cole et al. (2007) estimated that about 0.2 Pg C/a is buried in inland water sediments. Groundwater may have a greater carbon storage capacity due to its large volume and greater load of carbon than rivers (Kempe 1984). 

The stable isotopic approach can be used to develop carbon budgets for individual sampling points in fields and can be used to develop contour maps (Fig. 8.7). These contour maps visualize the relationships between landscape position and potential carbon storage. In this budget, less new carbon was incorporated into summit shoulder... 

Carbon storage, of hydrogen, 23 786 Carbon sulfides, 23 621, incompletely characterized, 23 62 Carbon sulfotelluride, 24 419 Carbon-sulfur surface compounds, 23 621 Carbon tetrabromide, 4 348 Carbon tetrachloride, 6 249 acrylamide solubility in, 2 290t... 

Deep-well injection of the gas may force briny water to the surface, potentially polluting streams and aquifers. Earthquakes have also been reported in places where deep-well injection has occurred and carbon dioxide can convert to an acid in groundwater. Carbon storage provides a unique advantage, buried in an oil field, the gas boosts oil production by forcing residual deposits to the surface. At Weyburn, oil production is up 50% since carbon dioxide injection began four years ago. 

The project has found techniques that reduce costs for geological carbon storage by up to 60%. Although more savings are needed before economical large scale operations. Geological storage is one option that could play an important part in carbon dioxide control. 

Research on the carbon storage potential of the Rose Run Sandstone is supported by Ohio Coal Research Consortium Grant OCRC3-00-4.C4-1. The authors are grateful to J. Friedmann (University of Maryland) and S. Bachu (Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, Canada) and R. Giere for their helpful reviews. 

Earths land reservoirs play an important role in long-term carbon storage. In fact, they store carbon for very long periods of time. The carbon in limestone, for example, may remain in a land reservoir for thousands of years. The carbon in a fossil fuel may be stored for millions of years. 

In the underground experiments, scientists inject carbon dioxide into spaces deep in the Earth. Some of these underground spaces are caves or old mines others are empty holes that once held oil or natural gas. Oil companies have practiced these storage methods for decades because they are relatively inexpensive and easy, and can also enrich existing oil reserves. But so far, no company or government has officially adopted this method for long-term carbon storage. 

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