Carbon development

Activated carbon is also available in special forms such as a cloth and fibres. Activated Charcoal Cloth (ACC) represents a family of activated carbons in cloth form. These products are fundamentally unique in several important ways compared with the traditional forms of activated carbon and with other filtration media that incorporate small particles of activated carbon. Developed in the early 1970 s ACC products are... 

Ames (2) A wet oxidation process for desulfurizing coal in which the oxidant is oxygen and the sulfur dioxide is absorbed by aqueous sodium carbonate. Developed in the 1970s by the Ames Laboratory of Iowa State University, with funding from the U.S. Department of... 

Beja A process for extracting gallium from sodium aluminate solution, as used in the Bayer process, by means of successive carbonations. Developed by Pechiney in 1946. 

Benzorbon A process for separating and recovering benzene from coke-oven gas and town gas by adsorption on activated carbon. Developed in 1930 by Luigi. 

BIOKOP A process for treating liquid effluents containing wastes from organic chemical manufacture. It combines aerobic fermentation, in special reactors known as BIOHOCH reactors, with treatment by powdered activated carbon. Developed originally for treating the effluent from the Griesheim works of Hoechst, it was engineered by Uhde and is now offered by that company. See also PACT. 

ELCOX A flue-gas desulfurization process in which the sulfur dioxide is oxidized elec-trochemically to sulfuric acid, using an organometallic catalyst (e.g., cobalt phthalocyanine) adsorbed on activated carbon. Developed by the Central Laboratory of Electrochemical Power Sources, Sofia, Bulgaria. 

Frank-Caro Also called the Cyanamide process. An early process for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Lime and carbon were heated to produce calcium carbide this was reacted with nitrogen to give calcium cyanamide, which was hydrolyzed with steam to yield ammonia and calcium carbonate. Developed by A. Frank and N. Caro from 1895 at Dynamit, Germany, and used in Germany, Norway, and Italy until it was replaced by the Haber-Bosch process after World War I. 

HPC [Hot potassium carbonate] A generic name for a process for absorbing acid gases by the use of hot aqueous potassium carbonate. Developed by H. E. Benson and J. H. Field at the U.S. Bureau of Mines in the 1950s. Further developed by other organizations, it became the basis for the Benfield, CATACARB, and other gas purification processes. 

KAAP [Kellogg advanced ammonia process] The first high-pressure process developed for synthesizing ammonia from its elements which does not use an iron-containing catalyst. The reformer gas for this process is provided by the KRES process. The catalyst was developed by BP it contains ruthenium supported on carbon. Developed by MW Kellogg Company in 1990 and first installed by the Ocelot Ammonia Company (now Pacific Ammonia) at Kitimat, British Columbia, from 1991 to 1992. Another plant was installed at Ampro Fertilizers in Donaldsonville, LA, in 1996. 

MAGSORB A process for removing caibon dioxide from hot gas streams by reversible absorption on magnesium oxide modified with potassium carbonate. Developed by the Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, for fuel gas derived from coal. 

OptiCAT-plus A process for regenerating hydrotreating catalysts. It uses a fluidized-bed pretreatment to control the initial exotherms found in regeneration, followed by a moderate heat soak to eliminate sulfur and carbon. Developed in the 1990s by the Criterion Catalyst Company. 

Ozocarb A process for purifying municipal drinking water by treatment with ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and activated carbon. Developed by Trailigaz, a subsidiary of Compagnie General des Eaux. 

Propylane An extractive distillation process for removing aromatic hydrocarbons from hydrogenated crude benzene, using propylene carbonate. Developed by Koppers. 

Takahax A variation of the Stretford process for removing hydrogen sulfide from gas streams, in which naphthaquinone sulfonic acid is used in place of anthraquinone disulfonic acid. Four variants have been devised types A and B use ammonia as the alkali, types C and D use sodium hydroxide or carbonate. Developed by the Tokyo Gas Company and licensed in the United States by Ford Baken and Davis, Dallas, TX. Many plants are operating in Japan. 

Schaefer MW (1990) Geochemical evolution of the Northern Plains of Mars Early hydrosphere, carbonate development, and present morphology. J Geophys Res 95 14,291-14,300... 

We can also observe reactions that lead to a more stable arrangement of the whole system very probably via primary addition and subsequent rearrangement (4 in Fig. 3). In addition, it can be established that because of the electron withdrawal of the M(CO)5 moiety, hydrogen atoms in cv-alkyl positions to the carbene carbon develop such an acidic character that their acidity corresponds to that of nitromethane (5 in Fig. 3). Finally, by cleavage of the carbene ligand from the metal complex, pathways in synthetic organic chemistry are opened (6 in Fig. 3). 

Coal carbonization developed to yield coke (coal agglomerates) and byproducts. 

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