Injection carbon dioxide

Phenolic foams - Phenolic foams can now be made using HCFC-141b, hydrocarbons, injected carbon dioxide, or HFC-152a instead of CFCs. In the long term, HFCs may be the predominant alternative. 

Extruded polystyrene sheet - Alternatives currently include HCFC-22, hydrocarbons, injected carbon dioxide, and HFC-152a. In the long term, these same alternatives (except for HCFC-22) will be used, along with possible use of atmospheric gases. 

Extruded polystyrene boardstock - HCFC-22 and -142b and injected carbon dioxide are the current alternatives. Long-term alternatives will be HFCs and injected carbon dioxide. 

Polyolefins - Polyolefins are now manufactured using alternatives such as hydrocarbons, HCFC22 and -142b, injected carbon dioxide, and HFC152a. Hydrocarbons and injected carbon dioxide will be long-term alternatives. 

Filtering out the operationally induced changes from the produced fluid compositions clarified the changes induced through reactions with the injected carbon dioxide and helps establish the normal variations in fluid composition. 

In the underground experiments, scientists inject carbon dioxide into spaces deep in the Earth. Some of these underground spaces are caves or old mines others are empty holes that once held oil or natural gas. Oil companies have practiced these storage methods for decades because they are relatively inexpensive and easy, and can also enrich existing oil reserves. But so far, no company or government has officially adopted this method for long-term carbon storage. 

These materials are recovered by extraction of the chemical oil with aqueous alkali, usually caustic solution. The aqueous layer is separated from the dephenolized (acid-free) oil. The phenols then are recovered in crude form by acidification (springing) of the aqueous solution, usually by injecting carbon dioxide, followed by gravity settling. The crude phenols then are fractionated to obtain phenol, cresols, and the higher-boiling phenols (mostly xylenols). See also Phenol. 

Bacteriostatic water for injection carbon dioxide-free water ... 

Magnesium ions precipitate as magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, when the water is made sufficiently alkaline, that is, when the OH ion content is increased. After removal of the solid CaCOa and Mg(OH>2, the pH of the water is readjusted to near-neutrality hy injecting carbon dioxide into it. 

The reaction occurs naturally when acid rain-water percolates through limestone strata to form stalactites in underground caves the acid rain dissolves the rock to form soluble bicarbonate, which then decomposes back to carbonate when it deposits on the stalactite. The same process takes place in the sea, both with limestone and with other alkaline sediments washed out by rivers. This serves ultimately to hold the pH of the ocean almost constant, but the equilibrium process between the river sediment and the ocean bulk is very slow. Reaction (3.3) does, however, provide a potential route for neutralizing the acidity of the injected carbon dioxide, via the deliberate addition of appropriate quantities of alkaline mineral. Such a procedure would be most suited to point sources of carbon dioxide (e.g., power stations) that are located close to both the ocean and large deposits of the mineral. 

Magnesium ions are removed from the crude brine as a precipitate of magnesium hydroxide by adding milk of lime (or caustic soda). Calcium ions are removed by the addition of either sodium carbonate solution, or by injecting carbon dioxide in the form of combustion gases. 

Coal seam storage involves another form of trapping in which the injected carbon dioxide is adsorbed onto (accumnlates on) the surface of the in situ coal in preference to other gases (such as methane) which are displaced. The effectiveness of the techniqne depends on the permeability of the coal seam. It is generally accepted that coal seam storage is most likely to be... 

Such storage projects are carefully tracked through measurement, monitoring and verification procedures both during and after the period when the carbon dioxide is being injected. These procedures address the effectiveness and safety of storage activities and the behavior of the injected carbon dioxide underground. 

Injecting carbon dioxide into deep, unmineable coal seams where it is adsorbed to displace methane (effectively natural gas) is another potential use or disposal strategy. Currently, the economics of enhanced coal bed methane extraction are not as favorable as enhanced oil recovery, but the potential is large. 

High gravity worts do not give such rapid clarification as worts of lower extract because the difference between the density of particles and the wort is less (Stokes Law). If no hop material is present, separation is poorer and the best result has been claimed for hop powder [26]. Additions of Irish Moss, polyvinylpyrrolidone, nylon 66 and particularly bentonite, have been stated to improve separation [26]. Anaerobic conditions are also said to increase the amount of material deposited, particularly by injecting carbon dioxide into the wort line when pumping into the whirlpool tank [26]. 

Grape Liquors. In addition to wine, grapes can be used to produce a variety of other liquors. Champagne and sparkling wine are made either by injecting carbon dioxide into already-fermented wine or by adding more yeast and sugar to the wine to induce a second fermentation process. With the latter method, the wine is then capped in a special container that traps the carbon dioxide that is released as a by-product of fermentation. 

Disadvantages associated with MCFC units arise from using a liquid electrolyte rather than a solid and the requirement to inject carbon dioxide at the cathode as carbonate ions are consumed in reactions occurring at the anode. There have also been some issues with high-temperature corrosion, but this can now be controlled to achieve a practical lifetime. 

Two practical yet important operating processes that experience witness severe Joule-Thomson effect have been thoroughly assessed -one for hydrate prevention for starting up a supercritical carbon dioxide injector, and the other for packing up a carbon dioxide pipeline to get ready for injecting carbon dioxide to injection wells ... 

Carbon Dioxide Injection Carbon dioxide must be injected into the cathode stream. This can be accomplished with recycling from the anode effluent or injection of combustion product but complicates the system design and dilutes the oxygen mole fraction at the cathode, lowering cell voltage. 

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